Pediatrics flashcards for NEET PG

BCG, zero-dose oral polio and hepatitis B birth dose. Confirm against the current schedule.

Memory hook: Three at birth.

Pulmonary stenosis, VSD, overriding aorta, right ventricular hypertrophy.

Memory hook: Boot-shaped heart.

Social smile 2 months; head holding 3 months; sitting about 6 months; walking about 12 months.

Memory hook: 2, 3, 6, 12.

Always pathological. Think haemolysis: Rh or ABO incompatibility, G6PD deficiency.

Memory hook: Physiological starts after 24 h.

Sodium 75, glucose 75 mmol/L; osmolarity 245 mOsm/L; add zinc.

Memory hook: 75 and 75.

Doubles at about 5 months and triples at 1 year.

Memory hook: 2, 3, 4: double 5 mo, triple 1 yr, quadruple 2 yr.

To prevent haemorrhagic disease of the newborn.

Memory hook: Newborn gut has no vitamin K-producing flora yet.

Measles.

Memory hook: Blue-white spots on the buccal mucosa before the rash.

Most term babies pass meconium within 48 hours. Delay suggests Hirschsprung disease, meconium ileus (cystic fibrosis) or an anorectal malformation.

Memory hook: No meconium by 48 hours needs a cause.

A first-born male infant of 2 to 6 weeks.

Memory hook: Projectile non-bilious vomiting.

About 9 to 10 months.

Memory hook: Pincer at nine.

About 3 years; a cross at 4 years and a square at 4.5 to 5 years.

Memory hook: Circle 3, cross 4, square 5.

About 3 years.

Memory hook: Three wheels, three years.

Posterior by about 2 to 3 months; anterior by about 18 months (range 9 to 18 months).

Memory hook: Posterior first, anterior at 18 months.

About 2 to 3 kg per year.

Memory hook: 2 to 3 kg a year.

About 50 cm at birth and about 75 cm at 1 year.

Memory hook: 50 then 75.

Chronological age minus the number of weeks born before 40 weeks; used for assessing development in the first 2 years.

Memory hook: Count from the due date.

Low birth weight is below 2500 g; very low birth weight is below 1500 g.

Memory hook: 2500 and 1500 are the cut-offs.

Birth before 37 completed weeks of gestation.

Memory hook: Under 37 weeks.

Appears after 24 hours (typically day 2 to 3), peaks by day 4 to 5 and resolves by about 2 weeks.

Memory hook: Not in the first day.

Conjugated hyperbilirubinaemia such as biliary atresia and neonatal hepatitis; also hypothyroidism and breast milk jaundice.

Memory hook: Prolonged jaundice, check the direct bilirubin.

Bilirubin encephalopathy caused by deposition of unconjugated bilirubin in the basal ganglia and brainstem nuclei.

Memory hook: Yellow staining of the basal ganglia.

Exchange transfusion.

Memory hook: Phototherapy first, exchange if it fails.

Phospholipid surfactant produced by type II pneumocytes; lecithin to sphingomyelin ratio above 2 suggests lung maturity.

Memory hook: L/S ratio above 2 is mature.

Ground-glass appearance with air bronchograms and low lung volumes.

Memory hook: Ground glass with air bronchograms.

Antenatal corticosteroids (betamethasone or dexamethasone) to the mother.

Memory hook: Steroids ripen the lung.

Pneumatosis intestinalis (gas within the bowel wall); portal venous gas and pneumoperitoneum indicate severe disease.

Memory hook: Gas in the wall.

Protein deficiency with relatively adequate calories, presenting with oedema, hypoalbuminaemia and fatty liver.

Memory hook: Oedema distinguishes kwashiorkor.

Severe wasting from inadequate calories, with no oedema, an old-man look and loss of subcutaneous fat.

Memory hook: Wasted but not swollen.

Below 11.5 cm; bilateral pitting oedema or weight-for-height below -3 SD also define it.

Memory hook: 11.5 cm.

These are leading causes of early death, so frequent feeds, warmth and glucose are given first.

Memory hook: Keep warm and fed.

ReSoMal, which has lower sodium and higher potassium than standard ORS.

Memory hook: Low sodium, high potassium.

The stabilisation phase of severe acute malnutrition management.

Memory hook: F-75 stabilises, F-100 rebuilds.

Vitamin D deficiency, with raised alkaline phosphatase and low or normal calcium and phosphate.

Memory hook: Raised ALP is the clue.

Widening, cupping and fraying of the metaphysis.

Memory hook: Cupping and fraying.

The first 6 months of life, with complementary feeding started thereafter alongside continued breastfeeding.

Memory hook: Six months exclusive.

Alpha-lactalbumin, which is easily digested; casein is the minor protein in human milk.

Memory hook: Whey dominates human milk.

BCG and measles are live attenuated; hepatitis B is a recombinant subunit and tetanus is a toxoid.

Memory hook: Live: BCG, measles, MMR, OPV.

Hepatitis B, DPT, DT, TT, pentavalent and IPV; check with the shake test.

Memory hook: Toxoids and adsorbed vaccines hate freezing.

Intradermal over the left deltoid (upper arm).

Memory hook: Left arm, intradermal.

A live oral vaccine linked to a small risk of intussusception.

Memory hook: Live oral, watch for intussusception.

Corynebacterium diphtheriae; a grey, adherent pseudomembrane that bleeds on removal.

Memory hook: Bleeds when scraped.

Bordetella pertussis; paroxysmal cough ending in an inspiratory whoop with lymphocytosis.

Memory hook: Lymphocytosis, whoop.

A macrolide such as azithromycin.

Memory hook: Macrolide for whooping cough.

Human herpesvirus 6; high fever for 3 days followed by a rash as the fever subsides.

Memory hook: Rash after the fever breaks.

Parvovirus B19, with a slapped-cheek rash.

Memory hook: Slapped cheeks.

Orchitis, usually unilateral.

Memory hook: Mumps orchitis.

Respiratory syncytial virus, in infants under 2 years.

Memory hook: RSV and wheeze.

Drooling, a toothpaste-like muffled voice and a tripod posture; the thumb sign on lateral neck X-ray.

Memory hook: Thumb sign.

Meiotic non-disjunction giving trisomy 21, about 95 percent of cases and related to maternal age.

Memory hook: Non-disjunction.

Endocardial cushion defect (atrioventricular septal defect).

Memory hook: Cushion defect.

45,X; short stature, streaked ovaries, webbed neck and coarctation of the aorta.

Memory hook: 45,X.

47,XXY, with tall stature, small testes and infertility.

Memory hook: XXY.

CGG trinucleotide repeat expansion in the FMR1 gene, the commonest inherited cause of intellectual disability.

Memory hook: CGG repeats.

Phenylketonuria; deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase. Treat with a low phenylalanine diet.

Memory hook: Mousy smell.

Measurement of TSH (or T4) on a cord blood or heel-prick sample.

Memory hook: Screen early to protect the brain.

X-linked recessive; Gowers sign with calf pseudohypertrophy and raised CPK.

Memory hook: Gowers sign.

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency, which raises 17-hydroxyprogesterone.

Memory hook: Check 17-OHP.

Ventricular septal defect.

Memory hook: VSD is commonest.

A continuous machinery murmur at the left infraclavicular area.

Memory hook: Machinery murmur.

Indomethacin or ibuprofen, which inhibit prostaglandin synthesis; prostaglandin E1 keeps it open.

Memory hook: NSAID closes it.

Fever for 5 days or more with at least four of: conjunctivitis, oral changes, rash, limb changes and cervical lymphadenopathy.

Memory hook: Treat with IVIG and aspirin.

Coronary artery aneurysm.

Memory hook: Look at the coronaries.

Minimal change disease, which responds to corticosteroids.

Memory hook: Steroid sensitive.

Haematuria with oedema, hypertension and low C3 about 1 to 3 weeks after a streptococcal infection.

Memory hook: Low C3 that recovers in 8 weeks.

Palpable purpura on the buttocks and legs, abdominal pain and arthritis, with possible nephritis.

Memory hook: IgA vasculitis.

The proximal tibia, on the anteromedial surface below the tibial tuberosity.

Memory hook: Tibia if no vein.

Intramuscular adrenaline 1:1000 at 0.01 mg/kg in the anterolateral thigh.

Memory hook: 0.01 mg/kg IM.

A benzodiazepine such as intravenous lorazepam or midazolam, or intranasal or buccal midazolam if no access.

Memory hook: Benzodiazepine first.

N-acetylcysteine, ideally within 8 to 10 hours of ingestion.

Memory hook: NAC replenishes glutathione.

Back blows and chest thrusts in an infant; abdominal thrusts (Heimlich) in a child over 1 year.

Memory hook: Infants: no abdominal thrusts.

100 mL per kg per day for the first 10 kg, then 50 mL per kg for the next 10 kg and 20 mL per kg thereafter.

Memory hook: 100, 50, 20.

Between 6 months and 5 years, with fever and no CNS infection; a simple seizure is generalised and lasts under 15 minutes.

Memory hook: Six months to five years.

By about 3 to 6 months; persistence beyond this suggests neurological abnormality.

Memory hook: Gone by six months.