PSM flashcards for NEET PG

Sensitivity: true positives ÷ all diseased. Specificity: true negatives ÷ all healthy.

Memory hook: SnNout, SpPin.

About 68%, 95% and 99.7%.

Memory hook: 68–95–99.7.

Cohort gives incidence and relative risk; case-control suits rare diseases and gives odds ratios.

Memory hook: Cohort forward, case-control backward.

Dengue: Aedes aegypti. Urban malaria: Anopheles stephensi.

Memory hook: Aedes bites by day.

Type I: false positive, rejecting a true null. Type II: false negative, missing a real effect.

Memory hook: Power = 1 − β.

The proportion of people with a disease who die of it within a stated period.

Memory hook: A measure of killing power, not of risk.

BCG, and fractional IPV (fIPV). Rabies vaccine can also be given intradermally in the intradermal regimen. Confirm against the current schedule.

Memory hook: BCG leaves a scar.

A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

Memory hook: Three dimensions.

The median suits skewed data; the mean is pulled most by extreme values.

Memory hook: The mean chases the tail.

No association between exposure and outcome. Above 1 suggests more risk in the exposed; below 1 suggests protection.

Memory hook: One means no difference.

Primordial, primary, secondary and tertiary prevention.

Memory hook: Primordial prevents the risk factor from arising.

Early diagnosis and prompt treatment, such as screening, to halt progression.

Memory hook: Catch it early.

Disability limitation and rehabilitation in established disease.

Memory hook: Limit damage, restore function.

Stage of susceptibility, presymptomatic (subclinical) stage, clinical disease, then recovery, disability or death.

Memory hook: Four stages.

Agent, host and environment.

Memory hook: A, H, E.

Clinically apparent cases are only the visible tip; most cases are subclinical, undiagnosed or latent.

Memory hook: Screening reaches the submerged part.

Epidemic: occurrence clearly above expected levels. Endemic: constant presence in a given area.

Memory hook: Endemic is the baseline.

Incidence in the exposed minus incidence in the non-exposed: the excess risk due to the exposure.

Memory hook: Risk difference.

Random allocation balances known and unknown confounders between groups.

Memory hook: Randomisation beats confounding.

To reduce bias in assessment and reporting; double blind hides allocation from both participants and investigators.

Memory hook: Blinding reduces bias.

The interval between entry of the infectious agent and the appearance of the first symptoms.

Memory hook: Exposure to symptoms.

Indirect protection of susceptibles when a sufficient proportion of the population is immune, reducing transmission.

Memory hook: Works for person-to-person spread.

Apparent increase in survival because disease is detected earlier, without any real delay in death.

Memory hook: Earlier diagnosis is not longer life.

The chi-square test.

Memory hook: Categories, so chi-square.

The unpaired (independent) t-test.

Memory hook: Two means, t-test.

ANOVA (analysis of variance).

Memory hook: More than two means.

The probability of obtaining the observed result or a more extreme one if the null hypothesis is true.

Memory hook: Small p means data unlikely under null.

Standard deviation divided by the square root of the sample size.

Memory hook: SD over root n.

Sensitivity against 1 minus specificity across cut-off values.

Memory hook: Larger area under the curve means a better test.

Culex tritaeniorhynchus; pigs are amplifying hosts.

Memory hook: Pigs amplify the virus.

Diethylcarbamazine with albendazole (with ivermectin in selected areas).

Memory hook: DEC plus albendazole.

Trombiculid mite (chigger); Orientia tsutsugamushi.

Memory hook: Mite bite leaves an eschar.

About 10 days to fever and 14 days to rash.

Memory hook: Rash follows fever by about 3 to 4 days.

Rotavirus.

Memory hook: Rota for toddlers.

Molecular tests such as CBNAAT or Truenat are used as the preferred initial test, with microscopy as support.

Memory hook: Molecular first.

Wound washing with soap and water, vaccine, and rabies immunoglobulin infiltrated into and around the wound.

Memory hook: Category III needs immunoglobulin.

Cardiovascular diseases, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes.

Memory hook: Four diseases, four risk factors.

Tobacco use, harmful alcohol use, unhealthy diet and physical inactivity.

Memory hook: Tobacco, alcohol, diet, inactivity.

Visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA).

Memory hook: Acetowhite change.

Clinical breast examination, with mammography for selected groups.

Memory hook: Clinical breast examination is the community-level tool.

Overweight 25 to 29.9 kg/m2; obesity 30 kg/m2 or more.

Memory hook: 25 and 30.

Hypertension is generally defined as 140/90 mmHg or above.

Memory hook: 140 over 90.

Half of hypertensives are undetected, half of those detected are untreated, and half of those treated are inadequately controlled.

Memory hook: Successive halving.

Vitamin A.

Memory hook: Night blindness is the earliest symptom.

Night blindness (nyctalopia).

Memory hook: Then Bitot spots.

4 kcal, 4 kcal and 9 kcal respectively.

Memory hook: 4, 4, 9.

Iron deficiency.

Memory hook: Nutritional anaemia.

Iodine deficiency; prevented by iodised salt.

Memory hook: Salt iodisation.

Kwashiorkor.

Memory hook: Oedema with relatively preserved fat.

Carbon dioxide.

Memory hook: Methane is also important.

Escherichia coli (coliform count).

Memory hook: E. coli is faecal.

0.5 mg/L.

Memory hook: Half a milligram per litre.

Determining the chlorine demand of water to calculate the bleaching powder dose.

Memory hook: Chlorine demand.

Sharps go into white (translucent) puncture-proof containers.

Memory hook: White for sharps.

Red bag.

Memory hook: Red for contaminated plastic.

Silicosis.

Memory hook: Mining and quarrying.

Maternal deaths per 100,000 live births.

Memory hook: Denominator is live births.

The first 28 completed days of life.

Memory hook: Early neonatal is the first 7 days.

The first six months of life.

Memory hook: Then complementary feeding.

Apgar score.

Memory hook: Five parameters, maximum score 10.

Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illness.

Memory hook: Classifies illness by colour-coded signs.

Pink (red) row: urgent pre-referral treatment and referral.

Memory hook: Pink means refer.

Directly observed treatment with daily fixed-dose combination regimens.

Memory hook: DOTS.

Children from birth to 18 years, screened for defects, deficiencies, diseases and developmental delays.

Memory hook: The 4 Ds.

Promoting institutional delivery through cash assistance to reduce maternal and neonatal deaths.

Memory hook: Safe motherhood intervention.

A community-level female health activist who links the community with the health system.

Memory hook: Accredited Social Health Activist.

One PHC per 30,000 population.

Memory hook: 30,000 in plains.

One sub-centre per 5,000 population.

Memory hook: 5,000 in plains.

One CHC per 120,000 population.

Memory hook: 1.2 lakh.

Deaths under one year of age per 1000 live births in a year.

Memory hook: Sensitive indicator of health.

The average number of children a woman would bear in her lifetime at current age-specific fertility rates.

Memory hook: Replacement level is about 2.1.

Health (life expectancy), education and income.

Memory hook: Long life, knowledge, decent living.

Infant mortality, life expectancy at age one and literacy.

Memory hook: Three indicators.

Broad base, narrowing sharply upward (expansive pyramid).

Memory hook: Triangular shape.

The ratio of dependants (under 15 and over 64 years) to the working-age population (15 to 64 years).

Memory hook: Dependants over workers.