PSM MCQs for NEET PG
888 worked PSM questions across 95 areas. Each one has its own page with the reasoning for every option.
What this set is
Preventive and Social Medicine (Community Medicine) is a large, scoring subject built on epidemiology, biostatistics, communicable diseases and national health programmes. Numbers and programme details change, so recent sources matter.
This page lists the 888 PSM questions that have a full worked page: 720 application questions that put a fact to use on a patient or a finding, and 168 multi-step questions that combine two or more ideas. Plain one-fact recall items are left out here on purpose. The PSM practice bank in the app is larger, with 2,889 questions in all, and is where timed tests and daily practice draw from.
How to use it
- Pick an area you are weak in, below.
- Answer first, then read why each wrong option fails.
- Write a three-line note for every miss, and revisit it in a week.
- Move to a timed PSM test once an area feels steady.
These are original practice items, not recalled exam questions, and they are not yet reviewed by independent faculty. Confirm important facts in a standard textbook.
What PSM covers in the exam
- Concept of health and disease
- Epidemiology
- Biostatistics
- Communicable diseases
- Non-communicable diseases
- Nutrition
- Environmental health
- Maternal and child health
- National health programmes
- Demography and health indicators
A study map from the standard curriculum; the NBEMS bulletin is the authority. See the PSM study guide.
Worked questions by area
95 areas, largest first. Open an area to see its questions.
Epidemiology117
- Epidemiology · ApplicationWhich study design is the most efficient for investigating risk factors of a rare disease?
- Epidemiology · ApplicationIf the basic reproduction number (R0) of an infection is 4, roughly what proportion of the population must be immune to achieve herd immunity?
- Epidemiology · ApplicationIn which study design is the odds ratio the appropriate measure of association?
- Epidemiology · ApplicationIn a study, mothers of children with congenital anomalies recall drugs taken in pregnancy more completely than mothers of healthy children. Which bias is operating?
- Epidemiology · ApplicationAfter a wedding feast, many guests develop gastroenteritis within a few hours of each other. What shape of epidemic curve is expected?
- Epidemiology · ApplicationAn infectious disease has a basic reproduction number (R0) of 0.8 in a susceptible population. What is expected?
- Epidemiology · Multi-stepIn a cohort study the incidence of a disease is 30 per 1000 in the exposed and 10 per 1000 in the unexposed. What is the attributable risk among the exposed?
- Epidemiology · ApplicationA researcher wants to control both known and unknown confounders when comparing two treatments. Which method at the design stage achieves this best?
- Epidemiology · Multi-stepAn outbreak investigation covers 25 households, each with one primary case. Among 100 susceptible household contacts, 15 develop the disease within one incubation perio…
- Epidemiology · ApplicationA case-control study uses hospitalised patients as both cases and controls and finds a spurious association between two conditions. Which bias is the likely explanation?
- Epidemiology · Multi-stepTwo towns are to be compared for mortality. Town A has a much older population than Town B and a higher crude death rate. Which approach allows a fair comparison?
- Epidemiology · ApplicationIn a stable population, the incidence of a chronic disease is 10 per 1000 per year and the average duration is 5 years. What is the approximate prevalence?
- Epidemiology: odds ratio · ApplicationIn a case-control study of 100 cases and 100 controls, 40 cases and 20 controls were exposed to a risk factor. What is the odds ratio?
- Epidemiology: case fatality rate · ApplicationA village of 2,000 people has an outbreak of diphtheria in which 80 persons fall ill and 6 of them die. What is the case fatality rate?
- Epidemiology: incidence density · Multi-stepIn a cohort of 500 factory workers followed for unequal periods because of resignations and transfers, the total follow-up contributed is 400 person-years, during which…
- Epidemiology: attributable risk percent · ApplicationIn a cohort study, the relative risk of lung cancer among smokers compared with non-smokers is 5. What proportion of lung cancer among the smokers can be attributed to…
- Epidemiology: population attributable risk percent · Multi-stepIn a community, 20% of adults are exposed to indoor biomass smoke, and the relative risk of chronic bronchitis in exposed adults is 4. What is the population attributab…
- Epidemiology: confounding · Multi-stepA study finds that regular tea drinkers have a higher frequency of oesophageal cancer than non-drinkers. Tea drinkers in this population are also more likely to chew to…
- Epidemiology: ecological fallacy · ApplicationUsing district-level data, an analyst finds that districts with higher average sale of packaged snacks have higher rates of childhood obesity, and concludes that childr…
- Epidemiology: intention-to-treat analysis · Multi-stepIn a randomised trial comparing surgery with medical therapy, 15 of the 100 patients assigned to surgery refuse the operation and receive medical therapy instead. The i…
- Epidemiology: carrier states · ApplicationA 35-year-old cook who had typhoid fever 14 months ago has no symptoms, but repeated stool cultures grow Salmonella Typhi, and ultrasound shows gallstones. How is he be…
- Epidemiology: levels of prevention · ApplicationA 62-year-old man who had an ischaemic stroke six weeks ago attends a programme of physiotherapy, speech therapy and occupational therapy to regain independence in dail…
- Epidemiology: surveillance · ApplicationA health department wishes to monitor the trend of HIV prevalence in the general population cheaply by repeatedly testing blood from pregnant women at selected antenata…
- Epidemiology: reliability · ApplicationTwo radiologists independently read the same 100 chest films as normal or abnormal. The investigators want a statistic that measures how well they agree beyond what wou…
- Epidemiology: criteria for causation · ApplicationWhile judging whether an observed association between an exposure and a disease is causal, which criterion among the Bradford Hill considerations is the only one that m…
- Epidemiology: time trends · ApplicationBefore the introduction of measles vaccine, a city recorded large measles epidemics every 2 to 3 years, as susceptible children accumulated after each outbreak. This pa…
- Epidemiology: population attributable fraction · Multi-stepIn a community, 30% of adults smoke. The relative risk of chronic bronchitis in smokers compared with non-smokers is 5. Using Levin's formula, what proportion of all ch…
- Epidemiology: kappa statistic · Multi-stepTwo radiologists independently classify 200 chest radiographs as normal or abnormal. They agree on 85% of films, and the agreement expected purely by chance is 50%. Wha…
- Epidemiology: herd immunity with an imperfect vaccine · Multi-stepAn infection has a basic reproduction number (R0) of 5. A vaccine is 90% effective in protecting those vaccinated. What approximate vaccination coverage is needed to re…
- Epidemiology: healthy worker effect · Multi-stepA cohort of 2000 men employed in a stone-crushing unit is followed for 15 years. Their all-cause standardised mortality ratio compared with the general male population…
- Epidemiology: incidence density · ApplicationA cohort study follows 300 persons for varying periods, contributing a total of 600 person-years. During follow-up 12 new cases of the disease occur. What is the incide…
- Epidemiology: ecological fallacy · ApplicationA study of 40 countries finds a strong positive correlation between national average salt intake and national stroke mortality. A reader concludes that individuals who…
- Epidemiology: secondary attack rate · Multi-stepA household has a primary case of measles and 9 other members, of whom 1 is immune. Within the incubation period 4 of the susceptible contacts develop measles. What is…
- Epidemiology: attributable risk · Multi-stepIn a cohort, the incidence of lung cancer is 20 per 1,000 in smokers and 5 per 1,000 in non-smokers. What percentage of cancer among smokers is attributable to smoking?
- Epidemiology: cross-sectional study limitation · ApplicationThe main limitation of a cross-sectional study in establishing causation is that it:
- Epidemiology: historical cohort study · ApplicationA researcher uses factory records from 1990 to classify workers by dust exposure and then determines who developed lung disease by 2020. This design is best called:
- Epidemiology: allocation concealment · Multi-stepIn a trial, a recruiter who knows the next allocation in a sequence enrols sicker patients into the new drug arm. Which safeguard was lacking?
- Epidemiology: ROC curve · ApplicationA receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve is plotted with which axes?
- Epidemiology: screening in series · ApplicationWhen two screening tests are applied in series (second test only for those positive on the first), the net effect is:
- Epidemiology: outbreak investigation first step · ApplicationAfter a report of a cluster of diarrhoea cases in a hostel, what is the first step of outbreak investigation?
- Epidemiology: IHR 2005 mandatory notification · ApplicationUnder International Health Regulations 2005, which of the following events must always be notified to WHO irrespective of context?
- Epidemiology: concurrent disinfection · ApplicationDisinfection of the patient's excreta, soiled linen and discharges carried out continuously throughout the course of illness is called:
- Epidemiology: lot quality assurance sampling · ApplicationLot Quality Assurance Sampling (LQAS) is commonly used in public health to:
- Epidemiology: meta-analysis and forest plot · ApplicationA forest plot is most commonly used to display the results of:
- Epidemiology: choice of design for rare exposure · ApplicationA researcher wants to study the effect of a rare occupational exposure (such as vinyl chloride) on several outcomes. The most efficient design is:
- Epidemiology: vaccine efficacy · Multi-stepIn a vaccine trial the attack rate is 10 percent among unvaccinated and 2 percent among vaccinated participants. What is the vaccine efficacy?
- Epidemiology: carrier states · ApplicationA woman recovered from typhoid six weeks ago, has no symptoms, but her stool still grows Salmonella Typhi. She works as a cook. What type of carrier is she at this stage?
- Epidemiology: censoring in survival analysis · Multi-stepIn a Kaplan-Meier analysis of a cancer drug, one patient moves abroad at month 14 with no information about his later status. How should he be handled?
- Epidemiology: predictive value at low prevalence · Multi-stepA test with 90 percent sensitivity and 90 percent specificity is used in a population where the disease prevalence is 1 percent. About what proportion of positives are…
- Epidemiology: odds ratio from case-control study · Multi-stepA case-control study of a rare childhood tumour reports an odds ratio of 3.2, which is quoted as the relative risk. Why is this acceptable?
- Epidemiology: crossover trial design · ApplicationIn a trial, 40 patients receive drug A for 4 weeks, then no drug for 2 weeks, and then drug B for 4 weeks. What is the main purpose of the 2-week gap?
- Epidemiology: nested case-control study · Multi-stepFrom a cohort of 20,000 women with stored baseline serum, investigators take every woman who later developed breast cancer plus matched women who stayed free of it, and…
- Epidemiology: propagated epidemic · Multi-stepIn a village, measles cases occur in successive waves, each beginning roughly 10 to 12 days after the preceding one, with each wave larger than the last. Which type of…
- Epidemiology: specificity and false positives · ApplicationA screening test has a specificity of 95 percent. When it is used on 2,000 persons who are truly free of the disease, how many are expected to test positive?
- Epidemiology: syndromic surveillance · ApplicationA district health officer tracks daily school absenteeism and pharmacy sales of antipyretics to detect a possible influenza outbreak before laboratory confirmation. Wha…
- Epidemiology: effect modification · Multi-stepIn a cohort, the crude relative risk of lung cancer with smoking is 3.0. Stratified by asbestos exposure, the relative risks are 10 in the exposed and 1.2 in the unexpo…
- Epidemiology: post-test probability · Multi-stepA patient has a pre-test probability of 20 percent for a disease. The positive likelihood ratio of the test is 6. What is the approximate post-test probability after a…
- Epidemiology: overmatching in case-control studies · Multi-stepIn a case-control study of a solvent exposure and bladder cancer, controls were matched to cases on the same factory, which strongly determines exposure. The exposure d…
- Epidemiology: number needed to harm · Multi-stepIn a trial, serious bleeding occurred in 3 percent of patients on a drug and 1 percent on placebo. How many patients must be treated to cause one additional serious ble…
- Epidemiology: choosing a cut-off on the ROC curve · Multi-stepA screening programme picks the cut-off on an ROC curve that maximises the sum of sensitivity and specificity minus 1. What is this value called?
- Epidemiology: cluster randomised trial · Multi-stepIn a trial of a water-chlorination programme, whole villages were randomly assigned to intervention or no intervention. Why does such a trial need a larger sample than…
- Epidemiology: factorial trial design · ApplicationA trial randomises 2,000 children to zinc alone, vitamin A alone, both supplements, or neither, to test the effect of both supplements in one study. Which design is this?
- Epidemiology: heterogeneity in meta-analysis · Multi-stepIn a forest plot of trials of a vaccine, the I-squared statistic is 85 percent. What is the appropriate interpretation?
- Epidemiology: phase IV post-marketing surveillance · ApplicationTwo years after a new anticoagulant is licensed and widely prescribed, a rare liver injury occurring in about 1 in 20,000 users is reported. Which stage of drug evaluat…
- Epidemiology: Neyman bias · Multi-stepA case-control study of acute myocardial infarction recruits cases from survivors admitted to a cardiac unit several months after the event. People who die soon after a…
- Epidemiology: indirect standardisation · Multi-stepA small mining town of 4,000 people has an accurate count of total deaths but too few deaths in each age group to give stable age-specific death rates. To compare its m…
- Epidemiology: interpreting a hazard ratio · Multi-stepIn a randomised trial of two cancer regimens analysed with Cox proportional hazards regression, the hazard ratio for death with the new regimen compared with standard t…
- Epidemiology: non-response bias · ApplicationA household survey on tobacco use in a district achieves a response of only 55 percent. The non-respondents are mostly young men away at work, who smoke more than the p…
- Epidemiology: Wilson and Jungner screening criteria · ApplicationA district proposes mass screening for a cancer that is an important health problem, has a long detectable pre-clinical phase and a well-understood natural history, but…
- Epidemiology: interviewer bias · ApplicationIn a case-control study of oral cancer, an interviewer who knows which participants are cases probes cases more persistently about tobacco chewing than controls. Which…
- Epidemiology: non-differential misclassification · Multi-stepIn a cohort study, exposure is measured by the same crude questionnaire in all participants, and errors occur equally among those who later do and do not develop the di…
- Epidemiology: Mantel-Haenszel method · Multi-stepA case-control study stratifies subjects into age groups and the odds ratio in each stratum is similar. The investigator wants one summary odds ratio adjusted for age.…
- Epidemiology: proportional mortality rate · ApplicationIn a town 2000 deaths occurred in a year, of which 400 were due to road traffic injuries. The figure of 20% obtained by dividing 400 by 2000 is the:
- Epidemiology: period prevalence · ApplicationA survey counts all persons who had bronchial asthma at any time during the calendar year, including those whose illness began during that year, and divides by the mid-…
- Epidemiology: case-crossover design · Multi-stepTo study whether mobile phone use triggers road crashes, investigators compare each crashed driver's phone use in the minutes before the crash with the same driver's us…
- Epidemiology: SnNout · ApplicationA rapid test for a disease has a sensitivity of 98%. A patient with symptoms of the disease tests negative. What is the most reasonable conclusion?
- Epidemiology: zero reporting in surveillance · ApplicationUnder a surveillance programme, a primary health centre sends its weekly report stating that no case of any notifiable condition was seen. Why is such a nil report requ…
- Epidemiology: biological gradient · ApplicationA cohort study finds the relative risk of lung cancer to be 1 in non-smokers, 4 in those smoking fewer than 10 cigarettes a day, 9 in those smoking 10 to 20, and 16 in…
- Epidemiology: hierarchy of evidence · ApplicationFor a question about the effectiveness of a treatment, which of these sits highest in the usual hierarchy of evidence?
- Epidemiology: block randomisation · ApplicationA trial allocates every consecutive set of four enrolees so that exactly two receive each treatment, with the order within the set decided at random. What is the main p…
- Epidemiology: stratified randomisation · ApplicationA multicentre trial randomises patients separately within each hospital, so every hospital has a similar number of patients in both arms. Which method is this?
- Epidemiology: incidence rate ratio · ApplicationIn a cohort the incidence is 30 per 10,000 person-years in exposed workers and 6 per 10,000 person-years in unexposed workers. What is the incidence rate ratio?
- Epidemiology: case definition early in an outbreak · Multi-stepAt the start of an outbreak of an unknown febrile illness, the investigation team wants to avoid missing cases while the cause is unknown. Which case definition approac…
- Epidemiology: phase III trial · ApplicationA new antidiabetic drug that has shown acceptable safety and some effect in earlier studies is now compared with standard therapy in a large multicentre randomised tria…
- Epidemiology: attrition bias · Multi-stepIn a ten-year cohort of alcohol use and liver disease, 30% of participants are lost to follow-up, and losses are much higher among heavy drinkers who moved away or died…
- Epidemiology: multiphasic screening · ApplicationAt a health camp, every attendee has blood pressure, blood glucose, body mass index, visual acuity and a urine albumin test in a single visit. Which type of screening i…
- Epidemiology: surrogate end point · ApplicationA trial of a new antihypertensive drug uses reduction in systolic blood pressure as its main outcome, instead of the occurrence of stroke or death. This outcome is call…
- Epidemiology: per-protocol analysis · Multi-stepA trial analyses only those participants who took the assigned treatment as planned and had no protocol violations, leaving out dropouts and crossovers. Which analysis…
- Epidemiology: detection bias · Multi-stepWomen using oestrogen replacement attend gynaecologists more often and have more examinations than non-users, so more cases of early endometrial cancer are found among…
- Epidemiology · ApplicationNew cases over time measure what?
- Epidemiology · ApplicationExisting cases at a point measure what?
- Epidemiology · ApplicationWhat is a proportion with cases in numerator and population denominator?
- Epidemiology · ApplicationWhat compares odds of exposure in cases and controls?
- Epidemiology · ApplicationWhat measure counts new cases occurring during a specified period?
- Epidemiology · ApplicationWhat measure includes all existing cases in a population?
- Epidemiology · ApplicationWhat proportion represents new cases among persons at risk during an outbreak?
- Epidemiology · ApplicationWhat measure estimates deaths from a disease among diagnosed cases?
- Epidemiology · ApplicationWhat is the term for disease occurrence above expected levels in a community?
- Epidemiology · ApplicationWhat describes constant usual presence of a disease in an area?
- Epidemiology · ApplicationWhat measure describes the proportion of a population with disease at a given time?
- Epidemiology · ApplicationWhat is incidence density expressed using?
- Epidemiology · ApplicationWhat measure compares risk in exposed versus unexposed groups?
- Epidemiology · ApplicationWhat association measure is commonly calculated in a case-control study?
- Epidemiology · ApplicationWhat measure counts new cases occurring over a period?
- Epidemiology · ApplicationWhat measure includes all existing cases at a point in time?
- Epidemiology · ApplicationWhat is the appropriate denominator for an incidence proportion?
- Epidemiology · ApplicationWhat does incidence measure in a defined population over a stated period?
- Epidemiology · ApplicationWhat does point prevalence describe?
- Epidemiology · ApplicationWhat does incidence measure in a population over a defined period?
- Epidemiology · ApplicationWhy can a disease have high prevalence despite low incidence?
- Epidemiology · ApplicationWhat is the denominator for an attack rate during an outbreak?
- Epidemiology · ApplicationWhat does an odds ratio estimate in a case-control study?
- Epidemiology · ApplicationWhat is effect modification?
- Epidemiology: attack rate · ApplicationAt a wedding, 36 of 120 guests who ate egg salad become ill. What is the attack rate among egg-salad eaters?
- Epidemiology · ApplicationWhat is attributable risk in an exposed group?
- Epidemiology · ApplicationWhat is incidence density?
- Epidemiology · ApplicationWhat is the healthy-worker effect?
Communicable diseases98
- Communicable diseases: measles communicability · ApplicationA 6-year-old boy attending a primary school develops a maculopapular rash that began behind the ears and spread downwards. The class teacher asks for how long he should…
- Communicable diseases: measles and vitamin A · ApplicationA 2-year-old child is admitted with measles complicated by diarrhoea. He has not received vitamin A for the past 8 months. Which vitamin A schedule is recommended by WH…
- Communicable diseases: polio and AFP surveillance · Multi-stepA 3-year-old unvaccinated child develops asymmetric flaccid paralysis of the left leg with fever 3 days earlier. Sensation is intact. Under the AFP surveillance system,…
- Communicable diseases: rabies post-exposure prophylaxis · ApplicationA 9-year-old girl is scratched on the forearm by an unvaccinated stray dog while feeding it. The scratches are minor and there is no bleeding. What is the most appropri…
- Communicable diseases: malaria radical cure · ApplicationA 25-year-old man from an endemic district has completed chloroquine for microscopically confirmed Plasmodium vivax malaria. His G6PD status is normal. Which drug is ad…
- Communicable diseases: tuberculosis preventive treatment · ApplicationA 3-year-old boy weighing 12 kg lives with his mother, who has newly diagnosed sputum-positive pulmonary tuberculosis. The child is asymptomatic, and his examination an…
- Communicable diseases: leprosy reactions · ApplicationA 30-year-old man with lepromatous leprosy has been on multidrug therapy for 3 months. He now develops fever, malaise and crops of tender erythematous nodules over his…
- Communicable diseases: dengue management · Multi-stepA 22-year-old man has fever for 5 days that has just settled. He now has abdominal pain, persistent vomiting, cold extremities and bleeding gums. Haematocrit has risen…
- Communicable diseases: cholera fluid replacement · Multi-stepA 5-year-old girl weighing 20 kg has profuse rice-water stools, sunken eyes, a very slow skin pinch and cannot drink. Her dehydration is classified as severe. Following…
- Communicable diseases: acute diarrhoea in children · Multi-stepAn 8-month-old boy weighing 8 kg has had watery diarrhoea for 2 days. He is restless and irritable, has sunken eyes and drinks eagerly, and the skin pinch goes back slo…
- Communicable diseases: typhoid carriers · ApplicationA health officer wants to screen restaurant workers for chronic typhoid carriage in a town after repeated outbreaks. Which test is used for initial screening of suspect…
- Communicable diseases: hepatitis E · ApplicationAfter flooding in a village, many adults develop jaundice about 5 weeks later. A woman at 32 weeks of pregnancy has deep jaundice, bleeding and confusion. Which infecti…
- Communicable diseases: hepatitis B serology · Multi-stepA 40-year-old nurse has the following results: HBsAg negative, total anti-HBc positive, anti-HBc IgM negative and anti-HBs positive at 120 mIU/mL. She has never been va…
- Communicable diseases: HIV early infant diagnosis · Multi-stepA 6-week-old infant, born to a mother with HIV who received ART in pregnancy, is brought for early infant diagnosis under the national programme. Which test is appropri…
- Communicable diseases: chickenpox exposure in pregnancy · Multi-stepA pregnant woman at 20 weeks has no history of chickenpox and tests negative for varicella IgG. She had face-to-face contact with a household member who developed chick…
- Communicable diseases: diphtheria management · Multi-stepA 6-year-old unimmunised boy has fever, a sore throat, a grey adherent membrane over the tonsils and a swollen neck. A throat swab has been sent. What is the most appro…
- Communicable diseases: tetanus prophylaxis · Multi-stepA 35-year-old farmer has a deep wound from a rusted tool contaminated with soil. He cannot recall any previous tetanus immunisation. What is the best management in addi…
- Communicable diseases: leptospirosis prophylaxis · ApplicationAfter heavy rains, a group of paddy field workers must wade in flooded water for several weeks in a leptospirosis-endemic area. Which chemoprophylaxis is recommended fo…
- Communicable diseases: Japanese encephalitis ecology · ApplicationSeveral children in a rice-growing village with many pig farms present with fever, convulsions and altered sensorium during the monsoon. Which animal acts as the main a…
- Communicable diseases: kala-azar treatment · ApplicationA 28-year-old man from a kala-azar endemic block in Bihar has fever for 2 months, massive splenomegaly and pancytopenia, and an rK39 strip test is positive. Which is th…
- Communicable diseases: lymphatic filariasis mass drug administration · ApplicationDuring a mass drug administration round for lymphatic filariasis using diethylcarbamazine and albendazole, which of the following should be excluded from receiving the…
- Communicable diseases: scrub typhus · ApplicationA 40-year-old farm labourer has fever for 6 days, headache, lymphadenopathy and a painless black eschar in the axilla after working in a scrub-covered field. Which drug…
- Communicable diseases: chickenpox infectivity · ApplicationA child develops chickenpox rash on day 0. Infectiousness of chickenpox generally extends from:
- Communicable diseases: wild poliovirus status · ApplicationWhich statement about wild poliovirus is correct?
- Communicable diseases: TB case definition · ApplicationIn the National TB Elimination Programme, a patient whose sputum is positive on a WHO-approved rapid molecular test (CBNAAT) is classified as:
- Communicable diseases: BCG vaccination · ApplicationThe BCG vaccine in the national schedule is given:
- Communicable diseases: leprosy treatment duration · ApplicationIn programme management of leprosy with WHO multidrug therapy, the standard duration of treatment for multibacillary and paucibacillary cases is respectively:
- Communicable diseases: urban malaria vector · ApplicationThe principal vector of urban malaria in India is:
- Communicable diseases: larvivorous fish · ApplicationWhich fish is widely used for biological control of mosquito larvae in malaria control?
- Communicable diseases: Breteau index · Multi-stepDuring a survey for Aedes aegypti, 50 houses were inspected and 15 water-holding containers were found positive for larvae. What is the Breteau index?
- Communicable diseases: mass drug administration for filariasis · ApplicationIn the annual mass drug administration for lymphatic filariasis in India, the drugs used in the standard two-drug regimen are:
- Communicable diseases: filariasis elimination threshold · ApplicationThe target for interruption of transmission of lymphatic filariasis in an endemic area is a microfilaria rate of:
- Communicable diseases: Kyasanur forest disease · ApplicationKyasanur forest disease, a tick-borne viral haemorrhagic fever, is transmitted mainly by:
- Communicable diseases: One Health approach · ApplicationThe One Health approach is best described as:
- Communicable diseases: cholera incubation · ApplicationThe incubation period of cholera typically ranges from:
- Communicable diseases: typhoid conjugate vaccine · ApplicationA reason typhoid conjugate vaccine is preferred over the plain Vi polysaccharide vaccine is that it:
- Communicable diseases: HIV diagnostic window · ApplicationA health worker has a needle stick injury from an HIV-positive patient. If the initial test is negative, follow-up testing is done to account for the window period, whi…
- Communicable diseases: NACP phase V · ApplicationThe 95-95-95 targets of the National AIDS and STD Control Programme Phase V refer to:
- Communicable diseases: PPTCT · ApplicationUnder the national programme for prevention of parent-to-child transmission of HIV, an HIV-positive pregnant woman should receive:
- Communicable diseases: deep freezer storage · ApplicationWhich vaccine is stored in the deep freezer at -15 to -25 degrees Celsius at district and state stores?
- Communicable diseases: shake test · Multi-stepA vial of pentavalent vaccine was accidentally kept in a freezer compartment overnight and then thawed. A shake test is done, comparing it with a vial known to be froze…
- Communicable diseases: hepatitis B birth dose · ApplicationIn the Universal Immunisation Programme, the birth dose of hepatitis B vaccine should be given:
- Communicable diseases: MR vaccine schedule · ApplicationUnder the national schedule, measles-rubella vaccine is given at which ages?
- Communicable diseases: fully immunised child · ApplicationIn the national definition, a child is considered fully immunised when, within the first year, she has received:
- Communicable diseases: false contraindications to vaccination · ApplicationA 10-month-old with mild diarrhoea and low-grade fever (37.8 degrees C) is brought for measles-rubella vaccination. What should the health worker do?
- Communicable diseases: prevention of neonatal tetanus · ApplicationA newborn delivered at home with the cord cut by an unsterilised blade develops trismus and spasms on day 7. Which measure, applied before this birth, would have best p…
- Communicable diseases: syndromic management of urethral discharge · Multi-stepA man presents with urethral discharge and dysuria. Gram stain facilities are not available at the primary health centre. What does syndromic management aim to treat?
- Communicable diseases: leptospirosis · Multi-stepA farmer who waded through floodwater presents with fever, calf pain, conjunctival suffusion, jaundice and rising creatinine. Which treatment and reservoir fit this ill…
- Communicable diseases: SAFE strategy for trachoma · ApplicationIn a trachoma-endemic district, a woman has in-turning eyelashes touching the cornea. Which component of the SAFE strategy addresses this problem?
- Communicable diseases: congenital rubella syndrome · ApplicationAn infant has cataract, patent ductus arteriosus and sensorineural deafness. The mother had a mild rash with fever in her first trimester. Which is the cause?
- Communicable diseases: scabies outbreak control · ApplicationIn a hostel outbreak of scabies with intense nocturnal itching and burrows between the fingers, which step is essential besides treating the index case?
- Communicable diseases: post-exposure prophylaxis in a vaccinated person · Multi-stepA man who completed pre-exposure rabies vaccination last year is bitten on the leg by a stray dog, with bleeding. Besides wound washing, what is recommended?
- Communicable diseases: slide falciparum rate · ApplicationIn a block, 4,000 blood slides were examined in a year. 400 were positive for malaria parasites and 160 of these were Plasmodium falciparum. What is the slide falciparu…
- Communicable diseases: triple drug therapy for lymphatic filariasis · ApplicationIn districts using triple-drug therapy for lymphatic filariasis, which three drugs are given together as a single annual dose?
- Communicable diseases: chemoprophylaxis for meningococcal contacts · Multi-stepA student in a hostel is diagnosed with meningococcal meningitis. Which drug is appropriate chemoprophylaxis for the close contacts?
- Communicable diseases: yaws treatment strategy · ApplicationUnder the WHO strategy for eradication of yaws, which single-dose oral antibiotic is used for total community treatment?
- Communicable diseases: fractional IPV in the immunisation schedule · ApplicationIn India's universal immunisation schedule, what are the route and dose of fractional inactivated polio vaccine?
- Communicable diseases: larvicide for drinking water · ApplicationWhich larvicide can be safely added to stored drinking-water containers to control Aedes breeding?
- Communicable diseases: tetanus prophylaxis in wound management · Multi-stepA 35-year-old farmer has a deep soil-contaminated puncture wound. He completed his Td series and had a Td booster 3 years ago. After cleaning the wound, what tetanus pr…
- Communicable diseases: classifying an adverse event following immunisation · Multi-stepTwelve children at an immunisation session develop fever and injection-site abscesses within hours. Investigation shows that a vial reconstituted the previous day was u…
- Communicable diseases: hepatitis B post-exposure prophylaxis · Multi-stepA health worker who never received hepatitis B vaccine has a needle-stick injury from an HBsAg-positive patient. What prophylaxis is appropriate?
- Communicable diseases: interpreting a malaria rapid test · Multi-stepA man treated with artemisinin combination therapy for falciparum malaria 10 days earlier is afebrile, yet an HRP-2 based rapid test is positive at follow up. What is t…
- Communicable diseases: dengue testing in late febrile phase · Multi-stepA patient presents on day 7 of a febrile illness with suspected dengue, and the NS1 antigen test is negative. Which test is most appropriate?
- Communicable diseases: cutaneous anthrax · Multi-stepA 38-year-old man working in a hide-processing unit has a painless, itchy papule on the neck that became a vesicle and then a depressed black eschar surrounded by marke…
- Communicable diseases: brucellosis control · ApplicationA 35-year-old man working in a village dairy has undulant fever, drenching night sweats and low backache for six weeks. Several families who drink unboiled milk from th…
- Communicable diseases: acquisition of cysticercosis · Multi-stepA 28-year-old strict vegetarian woman who has never eaten pork has a first generalised seizure. CT shows multiple small cysts, one with a dot-like eccentric nodule. Her…
- Communicable diseases: hydatid disease epidemiology · ApplicationA child from a sheep-rearing family has a slowly enlarging cystic swelling in the liver. The family keeps working dogs that are fed raw offal. In the epidemiology of th…
- Communicable diseases: dracunculiasis intermediate host · ApplicationIn a village that depends on an open step-well, several adults develop a painful blister on the foot from which a long thread-like worm later emerges when the foot is d…
- Communicable diseases: nocturnal periodicity in filariasis surveys · ApplicationA survey team in a coastal district of India plans to collect thick blood films to detect microfilariae of Wuchereria bancrofti in residents. At what time should the bl…
- Communicable diseases: post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis · Multi-stepIn a kala-azar elimination programme, a 25-year-old man treated for visceral leishmaniasis two years ago now has hypopigmented macules and nodules on the face. He has n…
- Communicable diseases: lepromin test · Multi-stepA patient has a few well-defined anaesthetic skin patches and thickened nerves. A lepromin test, read at four weeks, shows a large nodular positive reaction. What does…
- Communicable diseases: bacteriological index in leprosy · ApplicationA slit-skin smear from a patient with leprosy shows 10 to 100 acid-fast bacilli in an average oil-immersion field. What bacteriological index is recorded on Ridley's lo…
- Communicable diseases: vaccine-derived poliovirus · Multi-stepIn a district with poor routine immunisation coverage, a child with acute flaccid paralysis has a poliovirus isolated from stool that is genetically diverged from the S…
- Communicable diseases: hepatitis A epidemiological transition · Multi-stepOver two decades, a rapidly developing Indian city improves its piped water and sanitation. Subclinical hepatitis A infections in early childhood fall, yet doctors now…
- Communicable diseases: rotavirus vaccine safety · ApplicationA health worker counsels the mother of a 10-week-old infant after the second dose of oral rotavirus vaccine. Which symptom should make the mother bring the baby to the…
- Communicable diseases: Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever · ApplicationA cattle herder from Gujarat develops fever, severe myalgia, petechiae and bleeding gums after removing ticks from his animals. A nurse who cared for him without protec…
- Communicable diseases: parous rate of Anopheles · Multi-stepIn an area under malaria surveillance, an entomologist dissects the ovaries of wild-caught female Anopheles to classify them as nulliparous or parous. What does the pro…
- Communicable diseases: chikungunya versus dengue · ApplicationIn the post-monsoon season in a city with abundant Aedes breeding, an adult has sudden high fever, a maculopapular rash and severe symmetrical pain and swelling of the…
- Communicable diseases: Zika virus in pregnancy · ApplicationA woman at 12 weeks of pregnancy returns from an Aedes-infested area where Zika virus is circulating. She had mild fever, a maculopapular rash and non-purulent conjunct…
- Communicable diseases: Nipah virus reservoir · ApplicationIn an outbreak in Kerala, several family members and hospital staff develop fever, altered sensorium and respiratory distress after contact with the first case, who had…
- Communicable diseases: influenza pandemic mechanism · ApplicationA new influenza A virus carrying a haemagglutinin subtype to which the human population has no immunity spreads worldwide within months. Which process best explains the…
- Communicable diseases: Legionnaires disease source · ApplicationSeveral guests of a hotel with a central air-conditioning system develop high fever, confusion, diarrhoea and pneumonia with low serum sodium. There is no spread from p…
- Communicable diseases: ascariasis life cycle · ApplicationA 6-year-old child in a slum has had a dry cough, wheeze, fleeting chest infiltrates and eosinophilia for a week. Two weeks later the mother brings a long, pink, cylind…
- Communicable diseases: hookworm transmission · ApplicationA barefoot agricultural labourer has pallor and fatigue. Stool examination shows oval eggs with a thin shell and four-cell stage embryos. By which route did he acquire…
- Communicable diseases: diagnosis of enterobiasis · ApplicationA 5-year-old child has disturbed sleep and intense perianal itching at night. Repeated routine stool microscopy is negative. What is the most suitable investigation?
- Communicable diseases: cryptosporidiosis in HIV · ApplicationA man with advanced HIV infection has had profuse watery diarrhoea for 3 weeks. A stool smear stained by modified Ziehl-Neelsen shows small round acid-fast oocysts. The…
- Communicable diseases: amoebic liver abscess treatment · ApplicationA man with an amoebic liver abscess has been treated with a full course of metronidazole and improved. Which drug should be added to eliminate the intestinal luminal cy…
- Communicable diseases: herpes zoster contacts · ApplicationAn elderly man has a painful vesicular eruption confined to a single thoracic dermatome. A child who has never had chickenpox or varicella vaccination touches the vesic…
- Communicable diseases: early syphilis diagnosis · ApplicationA man presents with a single painless, indurated genital ulcer of 10 days with non-tender inguinal lymph nodes. Serological tests for syphilis are still non-reactive. W…
- Communicable diseases: epidemic typhus vector · ApplicationIn an overcrowded flood-relief camp with poor hygiene, a refugee has headache, high fever and a rash that starts on the trunk and spreads outwards, sparing the face, pa…
- Communicable diseases: hepatitis B infectivity marker · ApplicationA health worker in a dialysis unit is found HBsAg positive. Which additional marker would indicate high replication and high infectivity of the virus in her blood?
- Communicable diseases: primaquine in falciparum malaria · ApplicationIn an endemic district a patient with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria is treated with artemisinin combination therapy. A single low dose of primaquine is al…
- Communicable diseases: blood culture in typhoid · ApplicationA 20-year-old with step-ladder fever for 5 days, relative bradycardia and abdominal discomfort is suspected to have enteric fever. Which investigation has the highest d…
- Communicable diseases: rabies prophylaxis in pregnancy · ApplicationA woman at 28 weeks of pregnancy is bitten on the arm by a stray dog that cannot be traced and has bleeding wounds. She asks if rabies vaccine can be avoided because of…
- Communicable diseases · ApplicationWhat is the purpose of isolation for a contagious patient?
- Communicable diseases · ApplicationWhat is quarantine used for in public health?
- Communicable diseases · ApplicationWhat is a reservoir of infection?
- Communicable diseases · ApplicationWhat is an example of a vehicle-borne outbreak?
Biostatistics91
- Biostatistics · ApplicationOf 200 people who truly have a disease, a screening test is positive in 180. What is the sensitivity of the test?
- Biostatistics · ApplicationIn hypothesis testing, a Type I error is:
- Biostatistics · ApplicationThe chi-square test is used to:
- Biostatistics · ApplicationA set of hospital stay durations has a few very long stays, giving a distribution with a long tail to the right. Which relationship among the measures of central tenden…
- Biostatistics · ApplicationA researcher wishes to compare mean systolic blood pressure between two independent groups of patients receiving different drugs, assuming approximately normal data. Wh…
- Biostatistics · Multi-stepIn a cohort study, 20 of 100 exposed persons and 10 of 200 unexposed persons develop the disease. What is the relative risk?
- Biostatistics · Multi-stepIf the sample size in a study is increased fourfold with the same standard deviation, what happens to the standard error of the mean?
- Biostatistics · ApplicationA study finds a correlation coefficient of -0.9 between two quantitative variables. What does this indicate?
- Biostatistics · ApplicationIn a trial, the event rate is 20 percent in the control group and 15 percent in the treated group. What is the number needed to treat?
- Biostatistics · ApplicationA survey wants to assess immunisation status in a large district where a complete list of children is unavailable. Which sampling method is the most practical?
- Biostatistics: standard deviation · ApplicationFive children from a village school have haemoglobin values of 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 g/dL in a small sample drawn for a pilot survey. What is the sample standard deviation?
- Biostatistics: confidence interval for a mean · Multi-stepIn a survey of 100 adults the mean systolic blood pressure is 130 mmHg with a standard deviation of 20 mmHg. Which is the approximate 95% confidence interval for the po…
- Biostatistics: coefficient of variation · Multi-stepIn a group of adolescents the mean height is 160 cm with an SD of 8 cm, and the mean weight is 50 kg with an SD of 7.5 kg. Which variable shows greater relative variabi…
- Biostatistics: paired t-test · ApplicationBody weight is measured in 30 obese adults before and again after a 12-week lifestyle programme, and the investigator wants to test whether the mean weight has changed.…
- Biostatistics: rank correlation · ApplicationA study relates severity of dyspnoea graded as mild, moderate or severe to the grade of airflow obstruction on spirometry, also graded in ordered categories. Which meas…
- Biostatistics: Fisher exact test · ApplicationIn a pilot study of 20 patients, a 2 x 2 table comparing a new antiseptic against standard care for wound infection has an expected frequency of 3 in one cell. Which te…
- Biostatistics: power of a study · ApplicationA trial protocol states that the study has 80% power to detect a 10 mmHg difference in blood pressure between the arms. What does this mean?
- Biostatistics: interpreting the p-value · ApplicationA trial reports that a new regimen lowers HbA1c compared with standard care, with p = 0.03. Which is the correct interpretation?
- Biostatistics: sample size for a prevalence survey · Multi-stepA district team plans a survey of anaemia, expecting a prevalence of 20%. They want an absolute precision of 5% at 95% confidence (taking Z as 2). Using n = 4pq/d squar…
- Biostatistics: systematic sampling · ApplicationAn outpatient register has 1200 patients and a sample of 120 is required by systematic random sampling. How is the sample chosen?
- Biostatistics: snowball sampling · ApplicationResearchers wish to study HIV risk behaviour among people who inject drugs in a city, where no list of such persons exists and members are reluctant to come forward. Wh…
- Biostatistics: negative likelihood ratio · Multi-stepA rapid test for a condition has a sensitivity of 80% and a specificity of 90%. What is its negative likelihood ratio?
- Biostatistics: linear regression · ApplicationA regression of systolic blood pressure (Y, mmHg) on age (X, years) in adults gives Y = 90 + 0.5X. What is the predicted systolic blood pressure of a 60-year-old?
- Biostatistics: geometric mean · ApplicationAntibody titres in three vaccinated infants are 2, 8 and 32 (fold dilution values spaced geometrically). Which summary measure is appropriate for such data, and what is…
- Biostatistics: standard error of a proportion · ApplicationIn a sample of 100 children the prevalence of stunting is 20%. What is the standard error of this proportion?
- Biostatistics: Wilcoxon signed-rank test · ApplicationPain scores on an ordinal scale are recorded in 15 patients before and after a physiotherapy session. The differences are clearly skewed. Which test should be used to c…
- Biostatistics: intention-to-treat analysis · Multi-stepIn a randomised trial of a new antihypertensive, 20 of 200 patients allocated to the new drug stopped it within a month because of side effects. The trialist analyses a…
- Biostatistics: chi-square calculation · Multi-stepIn a study, 30 of 100 exposed people and 10 of 100 unexposed people developed the disease. What is the chi-square value and its interpretation (critical value 3.84 at 1…
- Biostatistics: multiple comparisons · Multi-stepA trial reports five secondary outcomes, each tested at an unadjusted 5% level. One outcome has p = 0.03. After Bonferroni correction for the five tests, how should thi…
- Biostatistics: effect of linear transformation · Multi-stepBody temperatures in a sample have a mean of 37.0 degrees Celsius and a standard deviation of 0.5. The values are converted to Fahrenheit using F = 1.8C + 32. What are…
- Biostatistics: comparing survival curves · ApplicationTwo treatments for oral cancer are compared in a follow-up study. Some patients are lost to follow-up and are censored. Which test is used to compare the survival curve…
- Biostatistics: multivariable analysis of a binary outcome · ApplicationA researcher wants to measure the independent association of smoking, alcohol use, body mass index and age with the presence or absence of hypertension, and to report a…
- Biostatistics: one-tailed and two-tailed tests · ApplicationA researcher compares antibody titres after a new vaccine and after the existing vaccine. There is no prior reason to expect the new vaccine to be better rather than wo…
- Biostatistics: coefficient of determination · ApplicationIn a sample the correlation coefficient between daily salt intake and systolic blood pressure is 0.6. What proportion of the variation in systolic blood pressure is sta…
- Biostatistics: sample size and effect size · Multi-stepA study is designed to detect a 10 mmHg difference between two mean blood pressures with 80% power. The investigators now decide to detect a difference of only 5 mmHg,…
- Biostatistics: interquartile range · ApplicationWhich measure of dispersion is least affected by extreme outliers?
- Biostatistics: confidence interval of relative risk · Multi-stepA cohort study reports a relative risk of 1.4 with a 95 percent confidence interval of 0.9 to 2.1. What is the correct interpretation?
- Biostatistics: validity and reliability · ApplicationA weighing scale gives the same reading each time for a child but always reads 1 kg too high. The scale is:
- Biostatistics: standard score · ApplicationA child weighs 14 kg. In the reference population of the same age and sex the mean weight is 12 kg and the standard deviation is 1 kg. What is the Z score?
- Biostatistics: test for paired proportions · ApplicationThe same 150 patients are tested with a rapid test and with an ELISA. The investigator wants to know whether the proportion testing positive differs between the two tes…
- Biostatistics: sample size and precision · Multi-stepA planner calculates the sample size needed to estimate a prevalence with an absolute precision of 5 percent. What happens to the required sample size if the precision…
- Biostatistics: degrees of freedom in chi-square test · ApplicationA researcher tests the association between three categories of body mass index and the presence or absence of hypertension, using a chi-square test on a table with 3 ro…
- Biostatistics: Kruskal-Wallis test · ApplicationPain scores on a 0 to 10 ordinal scale, clearly skewed, are compared among three independent groups of patients who received three different analgesics. Which test is m…
- Biostatistics: width of the confidence interval · ApplicationTwo district surveys both report an anaemia prevalence of 40 percent. The 95% confidence interval is 35 to 45 percent in District X and 38 to 42 percent in District Y.…
- Biostatistics: limits of the correlation coefficient · Multi-stepIn a hospital series, birth weight is plotted against maternal age. Very young and older mothers have low-weight babies, while mothers in the middle age range have heav…
- Biostatistics: interpreting a regression coefficient · ApplicationA regression of systolic blood pressure on age in adults gives the equation: systolic pressure = 90 + 0.8 x age. How should the coefficient 0.8 be interpreted?
- Biostatistics: Poisson distribution · ApplicationThe number of new cases of a rare disease reported each month in a district is being modelled. The events are rare, occur independently and have a small constant averag…
- Biostatistics: binomial distribution · ApplicationTen patients receive the same drug, each with the same independent probability of responding, and the number who respond is counted. Which distribution describes this c…
- Biostatistics: box-and-whisker plot · ApplicationA graph summarises a continuous variable using a box from the 25th to the 75th percentile with a line at the median, whiskers to the extremes, and individual dots for o…
- Biostatistics: interval scale of measurement · ApplicationBody temperature is recorded in degrees Celsius. On which scale of measurement is this variable?
- Biostatistics: content validity · ApplicationA team develops a new questionnaire on tuberculosis symptoms. Before use, a panel of chest physicians checks whether the questionnaire covers all relevant symptoms. Whi…
- Biostatistics: multistage sampling · ApplicationA national rural survey first selects districts at random, then blocks within selected districts, then villages within selected blocks, and finally households within vi…
- Biostatistics: quota sampling · ApplicationAn interviewer in a market is told to interview 50 men and 50 women aged 20 to 40 years and approaches whoever is convenient until each quota is filled. Which sampling…
- Biostatistics: combined mean · ApplicationIn a clinic, 20 women have a mean haemoglobin of 10 g/dL and 30 women from a second clinic have a mean of 11 g/dL. What is the mean haemoglobin of all 50 women?
- Biostatistics: normal distribution tail · ApplicationSerum cholesterol in a population is normally distributed with a mean of 200 mg/dL and a standard deviation of 20 mg/dL. Approximately what percentage of people have va…
- Biostatistics: reference interval · Multi-stepA laboratory defines the reference range for a test as the mean plus or minus 2 standard deviations of healthy people. A physician notes that about 1 in 20 perfectly he…
- Biostatistics: multiplication rule of probability · ApplicationA healthy person is tested with two independent screening tests, each with a false-positive rate of 10%. What is the probability that this person is falsely positive on…
- Biostatistics: probability and odds · ApplicationThe probability of a patient responding to a drug is 0.2. What are the odds of response?
- Biostatistics: central limit theorem · Multi-stepBirth weights in a hospital are skewed. A researcher draws many random samples of 100 babies and calculates the mean of each sample. What is expected of the distributio…
- Biostatistics: multiple linear regression · ApplicationInvestigators want to predict birth weight, a continuous measurement, from maternal age, body mass index and haemoglobin, all considered together. Which technique is su…
- Biostatistics: statistical versus clinical significance · Multi-stepA trial of 20,000 patients reports that a new drug lowers mean systolic pressure by 0.5 mmHg compared with placebo, with p less than 0.001. How should this finding be i…
- Biostatistics: class interval · ApplicationAges of participants range from 12 to 92 years and are to be grouped into 8 classes of equal width. What approximate class interval should be used?
- Biostatistics · ApplicationA p value below threshold commonly suggests what?
- Biostatistics · ApplicationWhat is the arithmetic average of observations called?
- Biostatistics · ApplicationWhich measure is least affected by extreme skewed values?
- Biostatistics · ApplicationWhat does a p value below the chosen alpha suggest?
- Biostatistics · ApplicationWhat measure expresses spread around a mean in the same units as the data?
- Biostatistics · ApplicationWhat is the most frequent value in a data set called?
- Biostatistics · ApplicationWhat statistical measure expresses the probability of a result at least as extreme under the null?
- Biostatistics · ApplicationWhat does a confidence interval communicate around an estimate?
- Biostatistics · ApplicationWhat test type is used to compare means between two independent groups when assumptions are met?
- Biostatistics · ApplicationWhat is a type I error?
- Biostatistics · ApplicationWhat does statistical power represent?
- Biostatistics · ApplicationWhat is the arithmetic average of observations?
- Biostatistics · ApplicationWhich central measure is least influenced by extreme outliers?
- Biostatistics · ApplicationWhat does a confidence interval provide around an estimate?
- Biostatistics · ApplicationA researcher doubles sample size to narrow the expected uncertainty around a prevalence estimate; which quantity is being improved?
- Biostatistics · ApplicationWhat does statistical power describe?
- Biostatistics · ApplicationWhich measure of central tendency is least affected by extreme outliers?
- Biostatistics · ApplicationWhat does a 95 percent confidence interval around a risk ratio communicate?
- Biostatistics · ApplicationWhat is a Type I error in hypothesis testing?
- Biostatistics · ApplicationWhich graph best displays the distribution of continuous blood-pressure values?
- Biostatistics · ApplicationWhat is statistical power in a clinical study?
- Biostatistics: mean and median · ApplicationWhich measure of central tendency is generally preferred for highly skewed income data?
- Biostatistics: confidence intervals · ApplicationA study reports a relative risk of 1.8 with 95% confidence interval 1.2 to 2.7. What is the best interpretation?
- Biostatistics: type I error · ApplicationWhat is a type I error in hypothesis testing?
- Biostatistics · ApplicationWhat does a p value represent under a null hypothesis?
- Biostatistics · ApplicationWhich measure is best for skewed household-income data?
- Biostatistics · ApplicationIn an observational health study, what does confounding mean?
- Biostatistics · ApplicationWhat does a correlation coefficient near zero indicate?
- Biostatistics · ApplicationWhat is the null hypothesis in a clinical comparison?
Environmental health75
- Environmental health · ApplicationAfter one hour of contact time, what residual free chlorine level is generally recommended in disinfected drinking water?
- Environmental health · ApplicationIn the chlorination of water, what does the break-point signify?
- Environmental health · ApplicationA community water supply has a fluoride concentration well above the recommended level, and children show chalky white to brown mottled teeth. Which is the most appropr…
- Environmental health: coagulation · Multi-stepAfter monsoon floods a town's river water becomes highly turbid. The plant uses rapid gravity filters, and turbidity in the filtered water is high. Which step must be a…
- Environmental health: arsenic in groundwater · Multi-stepA 40-year-old man from a village in the Ganga delta, who has drunk tube-well water for 15 years, has raindrop hyperpigmentation of the trunk and thickening of the palms…
- Environmental health: nitrates and methaemoglobinaemia · Multi-stepA 3-month-old bottle-fed infant in a farming area has cyanosis without respiratory distress. PaO2 is normal, and blood drawn is chocolate brown. Formula was prepared wi…
- Environmental health: chlorine demand · ApplicationA health inspector must disinfect a village well and first needs to find how much bleaching powder the well water requires. Which instrument is used for this purpose?
- Environmental health: bacteriological examination of water · ApplicationIn the multiple tube method for the presumptive coliform count, which finding in a tube of MacConkey broth inoculated with water and incubated at 37 degrees Celsius is…
- Environmental health: biochemical oxygen demand · Multi-stepA river sample downstream of a town has a five-day BOD at 20 degrees Celsius of 25 mg/L, while an upstream sample is 2 mg/L. What does this finding indicate?
- Environmental health: sewage treatment · ApplicationIn the treatment of sewage, which stage uses aerobic micro-organisms in an aerated tank, as in the activated sludge process, to oxidise dissolved organic matter?
- Environmental health: biomedical waste, red bag · ApplicationA ward nurse disposes of used intravenous tubing, urinary catheters and urine bags after use. Under the Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules 2016, which container is corr…
- Environmental health: biomedical waste, sharps · ApplicationAfter an injection round, a nurse needs to discard used needles, scalpel blades and used suture needles. Which container is correct under the Bio-Medical Waste Manageme…
- Environmental health: carbon monoxide · ApplicationA family sleeps in a closed room with a burning coal stove during winter, and two members are found drowsy with headache and vomiting. By which mechanism does the respo…
- Environmental health: indoor air pollution programme · ApplicationA 45-year-old woman from a below-poverty-line household in rural India has a chronic cough from years of cooking on a wood-fired chulha. Which national scheme specifica…
- Environmental health: temperature inversion · ApplicationEvery winter morning a valley city has a dense, persistent smog with high levels of particulates, even though emissions have not changed. What atmospheric phenomenon be…
- Environmental health: heat stroke · Multi-stepDuring a heat wave a 60-year-old farm labourer is brought in confused, with a core temperature of 41.5 degrees Celsius, hot dry skin and a pulse of 130 per minute. What…
- Environmental health: radiation effects · ApplicationWhich of the following is a stochastic effect of ionising radiation, meaning the probability rises with dose but the severity does not and there is no threshold?
- Environmental health: thermal comfort indices · ApplicationA factory engineer wants a single empirical index of thermal comfort that combines dry-bulb temperature, humidity and air movement. Which one is suitable?
- Environmental health: noise measurement · Multi-stepA single machine in a workshop produces 80 dB at the operator's position. A second identical machine is switched on next to it. What is the approximate combined sound l…
- Environmental health: composting · ApplicationA municipality plans to compost refuse and wants an aerobic method in which the material is turned periodically to supply air. Which method is this?
- Environmental health: classification of water-related disease · ApplicationA drought-hit community has little water for hygiene and reports a rise in trachoma and scabies. Under the classification of water-related diseases, how are these condi…
- Environmental health: pesticide poisoning in a community · ApplicationVillages near cashew plantations in Kerala that had been aerially sprayed for years reported clusters of congenital malformations, epilepsy and intellectual disability…
- Environmental health: heavy metal pollution · ApplicationElderly women living downstream of a zinc mine, who eat rice irrigated with polluted river water, develop severe bone pain, multiple fractures and renal tubular dysfunc…
- Environmental health: addition of sound levels · Multi-stepTwo identical machines each produce 90 dB at the operator's position. What is the expected sound level when both run together?
- Environmental health: solar disinfection · ApplicationSolar disinfection (SODIS) of drinking water at household level involves:
- Environmental health: Jal Jeevan Mission · ApplicationThe Jal Jeevan Mission (Har Ghar Jal) aims to provide functional household tap connections in rural areas with a service level of:
- Environmental health: particulate matter · ApplicationWhich air pollutant is most closely linked with penetration into the alveoli and systemic cardiovascular and respiratory effects?
- Environmental health: ambient noise standards · ApplicationAs per the national ambient noise standards, the permissible noise level in a residential area is:
- Environmental health: natural ventilation · ApplicationNatural ventilation of a house is most effectively achieved by:
- Environmental health: globe thermometer · ApplicationThe globe thermometer is used to measure:
- Environmental health: genetic control of vectors · ApplicationRelease of sterile males to reduce the vector population is an example of which method of vector control?
- Environmental health: rodent and flea control in plague · Multi-stepDuring a plague outbreak in a village with heavy rat mortality, the correct sequence of vector control is to:
- Environmental health: ESI Act benefits · ApplicationWhich of the following is NOT a benefit under the Employees State Insurance Act 1948?
- Environmental health: lead poisoning · ApplicationA battery factory worker has anaemia with basophilic stippling in red cells and a bluish line along the gum margin. The likely diagnosis is:
- Environmental health: triage in disaster · ApplicationDuring a mass casualty event, a patient with airway obstruction and shock who is likely to survive with immediate intervention is tagged with which triage colour?
- Environmental health: Clostridium perfringens as an indicator · Multi-stepA water sample grows spores of Clostridium perfringens but no E. coli. How should the result be interpreted?
- Environmental health: heat illness · ApplicationA steel-furnace worker who has been drinking only plain water develops painful spasms of the calf and abdominal muscles. His temperature is normal and he is mentally cl…
- Environmental health: occupational bladder cancer · Multi-stepA worker with 20 years of exposure in a dye factory presents with painless haematuria, and cystoscopy shows a papillary tumour. Which occupational agent is most likely…
- Environmental health: disposal of septic tank effluent · ApplicationIn a household using a septic tank, where should the effluent of the tank be led for final disposal?
- Environmental health: occupational compressed air illness · Multi-stepA commercial diver develops joint pains and breathlessness soon after a rapid ascent. What is the underlying mechanism?
- Environmental health: vibration-related occupational disease · ApplicationA road-drill operator reports episodes of blanching and numbness of the fingers on exposure to cold. Which occupational disease is this?
- Environmental health: personal radiation monitoring · ApplicationWhich device is worn by radiology staff to record their cumulative occupational radiation dose?
- Environmental health: START triage · Multi-stepAt a mass casualty site, a patient cannot walk, is breathing spontaneously and has a respiratory rate of 34 per minute. In START triage, what category is assigned?
- Environmental health: sick building syndrome · Multi-stepEmployees working in a newly renovated, sealed, air-conditioned office report headache, eye and throat irritation, fatigue and poor concentration. Symptoms improve soon…
- Environmental health: biochemical effect of lead · Multi-stepA battery-recycling worker has abdominal colic, constipation and a bluish line on the gums, and his blood film shows basophilic stippling. Lead interferes with haem syn…
- Environmental health: Caplan syndrome · ApplicationA 58-year-old man who worked for 25 years in coal mines develops rheumatoid arthritis. His chest radiograph shows multiple well-defined rounded nodules, 0.5 to 5 cm in…
- Environmental health: photochemical smog · ApplicationA city with heavy vehicular traffic and strong sunshine, but little coal burning, has summer haze with eye irritation and high ground-level ozone. Which pollutants reac…
- Environmental health: Mansonia and brugian filariasis · ApplicationIn a village in Kerala with Brugia malayi filariasis, the vector breeds in ponds choked with aquatic weeds such as Pistia, and its larvae and pupae attach to submerged…
- Environmental health: rapid sand filter cleaning · ApplicationA town water works uses filters that depend on prior coagulation with alum and are cleaned by reversing the flow of water through the bed, instead of scraping the top l…
- Environmental health: ultraviolet disinfection of water · ApplicationA hospital uses an ultraviolet unit to disinfect its drinking water. Which limitation of this method must be remembered?
- Environmental health: poor illumination and miner's nystagmus · ApplicationA coal miner who has worked for years in poorly lit underground workings develops involuntary oscillating eye movements, with headache and glare sensitivity. Which occu…
- Environmental health: occupational cancer from vinyl chloride · ApplicationA worker in a PVC polymerisation plant who cleaned reactor vessels for 20 years is diagnosed with a rare vascular tumour of the liver. Which agent is implicated?
- Environmental health: indoor residual spraying · ApplicationA malaria control programme sprays insecticide on the inner walls of houses once or twice a year. For this to work best, the target vector should show which habit?
- Environmental health: biomedical waste glassware · ApplicationIn a hospital under the Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules 2016, where should discarded glass ampoules and broken medicine vials be placed?
- Environmental health: Culex and bancroftian filariasis · ApplicationIn a town with open drains and cesspools, many residents have chyluria and hydrocele, and larvae are found in polluted water. Which mosquito is the principal vector of…
- Environmental health: Aedes breeding habits · ApplicationDuring a dengue outbreak, a survey finds larvae in desert coolers, discarded tyres and uncovered water storage drums in houses. Which feature of the vector explains this?
- Environmental health · ApplicationWhat is the most reliable household measure for microbiologically unsafe drinking water during an emergency?
- Environmental health · ApplicationWhich vector transmits malaria?
- Environmental health · ApplicationWhat is a major purpose of sanitary disposal of excreta?
- Environmental health · ApplicationWhat condition favors mosquito breeding around homes?
- Environmental health · ApplicationWhat is a key aim of food hygiene?
- Environmental health · ApplicationWhat is an important household measure to reduce indoor air pollution?
- Environmental health · ApplicationWhat household method reliably disinfects microbiologically unsafe drinking water in emergencies?
- Environmental health · ApplicationA community program removes discarded containers and covers stored water to reduce which mosquito-borne disease vector?
- Environmental health · ApplicationWhat does residual chlorine in treated drinking water primarily indicate?
- Environmental health · ApplicationWhich intervention most directly reduces household exposure to faecal-oral pathogens?
- Environmental health · ApplicationWhat is the most appropriate public-health response to elevated lead levels in a community water supply?
- Environmental health · ApplicationWhich water-quality measure indicates recent faecal contamination?
- Environmental health · ApplicationWhat is the principal health risk from indoor biomass smoke exposure?
- Environmental health: chlorination · ApplicationWhat is the main purpose of residual chlorine in a public water supply?
- Environmental health: biomedical waste · ApplicationWhat is the key first step in safe biomedical-waste management at a healthcare facility?
- Environmental health · ApplicationWhat is the safest public-health response to a suspected waterborne outbreak?
- Environmental health · ApplicationWhat health outcome is associated with chronic occupational silica exposure?
- Environmental health · ApplicationWhat does biological oxygen demand indicate in water assessment?
- Environmental health · ApplicationWhat is the main health concern from chronic arsenic in groundwater?
Nutrition59
- Nutrition · ApplicationA child has bilateral pedal oedema, flaky-paint skin lesions, sparse hair, an enlarged fatty liver and irritability. Which condition is likely?
- Nutrition: severe acute malnutrition · ApplicationA 14-month-old child has no oedema, a weight-for-height z-score of -2.5 and a mid-upper arm circumference of 11 cm. How is this child classified under current WHO crite…
- Nutrition: energy value of foods · Multi-stepA test meal contains 60 g carbohydrate, 25 g protein and 20 g fat. What is its approximate energy content?
- Nutrition: protein complementation · ApplicationA vegetarian family eats rice or wheat with dal at most meals. Nutrition counselling explains that this combination gives better quality protein than either food alone.…
- Nutrition: pellagra · ApplicationA 40-year-old farm labourer, whose staple is jowar (sorghum), presents with a symmetric rash on sun-exposed skin of the neck and forearms, chronic diarrhoea and recent…
- Nutrition: beriberi prevention · ApplicationA 35-year-old man from a community that lives mainly on highly polished rice has symmetric foot drop, calf tenderness and loss of ankle reflexes. Which community measur…
- Nutrition: rickets · ApplicationA 10-month-old exclusively breastfed infant who is rarely taken outdoors has craniotabes, widened wrists and a rachitic rosary. Which biochemical pattern is expected?
- Nutrition: folic acid and neural tube defects · ApplicationA 28-year-old woman whose previous baby had a myelomeningocele is planning another pregnancy. Which folic acid regimen is recommended to reduce recurrence?
- Nutrition: iodine deficiency disorders · ApplicationA survey of school children aged 6 to 12 years in a sub-Himalayan district finds visible or palpable goitre in 8%. What is the correct interpretation?
- Nutrition: obesity in Indians · Multi-stepA 45-year-old woman is 160 cm tall and weighs 68 kg. Using the cut-offs recommended for Asian Indians, how is she classified?
- Nutrition: assessment of growth · ApplicationA 3-year-old child has a weight-for-height z-score of -0.5 and a height-for-age z-score of -2.8. How should her nutritional status be described?
- Nutrition: human milk composition · ApplicationA mother asks why breast milk suits her newborn better than undiluted cow's milk. Which statement about human milk composition is correct?
- Nutrition: epidemic dropsy · ApplicationWithin a week, many families in a town develop bilateral pitting leg oedema, diarrhoea and skin erythema, and a few have glaucoma. All had bought mustard oil from the s…
- Nutrition: lathyrism · ApplicationA man in a rural area where khesari dal is the cheap staple develops sudden spastic weakness of both legs with no sensory loss. Which neurotoxin is responsible?
- Nutrition: Gomez classification · Multi-stepA 2-year-old girl weighs 8 kg. The expected median weight for her age on the reference standard is 12 kg. Using the Gomez classification, how is her nutritional status…
- Nutrition: pellagra and jowar · ApplicationIn a rural area where jowar (sorghum) is the staple cereal, adults present with photosensitive dermatitis, diarrhoea and dementia. Which dietary factor in jowar is impl…
- Nutrition: lathyrism · ApplicationAdult men in a village in central India who have eaten mainly khesari dal for several months develop an abrupt, painless spastic weakness of both legs, with preserved s…
- Nutrition: epidemic dropsy · ApplicationIn a town, many people develop bilateral pitting oedema of the legs, diarrhoea, breathlessness and a few cases of glaucoma. All had used loose mustard oil from the same…
- Nutrition: net protein utilisation · Multi-stepA food protein has a biological value of 80% and a digestibility coefficient of 90%. What is its net protein utilisation?
- Nutrition: therapeutic feeding in severe malnutrition · ApplicationA 2-year-old with severe acute malnutrition is admitted with poor appetite and bilateral pedal oedema. Which feed is used in the initial stabilisation phase?
- Nutrition: moderate acute malnutrition · ApplicationA 3-year-old child has MUAC of 12 cm, no oedema and good appetite. The child is classified as having:
- Nutrition: referral of complicated SAM · Multi-stepA 14-month-old child has MUAC of 11 cm, fever, poor appetite and fast breathing. The appropriate management is:
- Nutrition: Anaemia Mukt Bharat · ApplicationThe 6x6x6 strategy of Anaemia Mukt Bharat includes:
- Nutrition: IFA syrup for children · ApplicationUnder the national anaemia control programme, children aged 6 to 59 months receive IFA syrup:
- Nutrition: double fortified salt · ApplicationDouble-fortified salt, promoted for community use, is fortified with:
- Nutrition: Infant Milk Substitutes Act · ApplicationThe Infant Milk Substitutes, Feeding Bottles and Infant Foods (Regulation of Production, Supply and Distribution) Act 1992 prohibits:
- Nutrition: supplementary nutrition norms for pregnant women · ApplicationUnder the supplementary nutrition norms of the ICDS (Poshan 2.0), a pregnant or lactating woman is to receive daily supplementation providing approximately:
- Nutrition: POSHAN Abhiyaan stunting target · ApplicationPOSHAN Abhiyaan, launched in 2018, aims to reduce stunting among children aged 0 to 6 years by:
- Nutrition: trans fatty acid limit · ApplicationIn India, the FSSAI limit for industrially produced trans fatty acids in oils and fats is:
- Nutrition: phosphatase test · ApplicationA milk sample is tested for efficiency of pasteurisation. A negative alkaline phosphatase test indicates that the milk has been:
- Nutrition: iodine deficiency in pregnancy · ApplicationA child born in a sub-Himalayan village has severe mental retardation, deaf mutism and a spastic gait. Her mother was iodine-deficient throughout pregnancy. What is the…
- Nutrition: Wellcome classification of malnutrition · Multi-stepA two-year-old has weight 72 percent of the expected weight for age and bilateral pitting pedal oedema. By the Wellcome classification, what is the diagnosis?
- Nutrition: managing severe acute malnutrition with poor appetite · Multi-stepA 2-year-old has mid upper arm circumference of 10.9 cm, no oedema, and refuses the ready-to-use therapeutic food in the appetite test. Where should she be managed?
- Nutrition: Waterlow classification · Multi-stepA 3-year-old child has weight-for-height of 95 percent of the reference median and height-for-age of 82 percent. How does the Waterlow classification describe this child?
- Nutrition: HACCP · ApplicationA large kitchen supplying school meals analyses each step of food preparation, identifies the points such as cooking temperature and cooling time at which contamination…
- Nutrition: energy value of alcohol · ApplicationA man consumes drinks that provide a total of 30 g of pure alcohol in an evening. Approximately how much energy does this alcohol supply?
- Nutrition: National Food Security Act entitlement · ApplicationUnder the National Food Security Act 2013, a household in the Antyodaya Anna Yojana category is entitled to subsidised foodgrains every month. Which entitlement is corr…
- Nutrition: vitamin B12 deficiency in vegetarians · ApplicationA 35-year-old strict vegan has a macrocytic anaemia, tingling of the feet and a smooth tongue. Which dietary deficiency is most likely?
- Nutrition: scurvy · ApplicationA 9-month-old infant fed only boiled cow's milk is irritable, has swollen tender legs held in a frog-leg position, and bleeding gums. X-ray shows a ground-glass appeara…
- Nutrition: vitamin K prophylaxis in newborns · ApplicationA home-delivered healthy term newborn is breastfed exclusively. On day 5 the baby has melaena and bleeding from the umbilical stump, with a normal platelet count. Which…
- Nutrition: thiamine deficiency in alcoholics · Multi-stepA chronic alcoholic is brought with confusion, ataxia and horizontal nystagmus with ophthalmoplegia. Before giving intravenous glucose, which vitamin must be given?
- Nutrition: riboflavin deficiency · ApplicationA girl in a hostel mess with a diet lacking milk, eggs and green leafy vegetables has fissures at the corners of the mouth, a magenta tongue and seborrhoeic dermatitis…
- Nutrition: zinc deficiency · ApplicationA malnourished 3-year-old has a peri-oral and perianal vesiculobullous rash, hair loss, poor appetite and frequent infections. Her wounds heal slowly. Which micronutrie…
- Nutrition: glycaemic index · ApplicationA dietitian counsels a patient with diabetes to prefer foods with a low glycaemic index. What does the glycaemic index measure?
- Nutrition: dietary fibre · ApplicationA man with hypercholesterolaemia is advised to increase soluble dietary fibre from oats, pulses and fruits. By which mechanism does this mainly help?
- Nutrition: enhancers of non-haem iron absorption · ApplicationA vegetarian woman with iron deficiency anaemia takes iron tablets with tea after meals. Which advice would most improve absorption of non-haem iron?
- Nutrition: staphylococcal food poisoning · ApplicationThree hours after a wedding feast, many guests develop sudden vomiting and cramps, with little fever. They had eaten cream-filled pastries kept unrefrigerated. Which or…
- Nutrition: Bacillus cereus food poisoning · ApplicationA group of students eat fried rice from a roadside stall that was cooked in the morning and left at room temperature. Within 2 hours they develop vomiting. Which organi…
- Nutrition · ApplicationWhat does ORS use to absorb water?
- Nutrition · ApplicationWhat indicates chronic childhood undernutrition?
- Nutrition · ApplicationWhat indicates acute malnutrition?
- Nutrition · ApplicationWhich index compares weight with height to assess adult thinness or obesity?
- Nutrition · ApplicationWhat deficiency is prevented by iodized salt programs?
- Nutrition · ApplicationWhat is a useful measure for acute malnutrition screening in young children?
- Nutrition · ApplicationWhat public-health intervention prevents neural-tube defects at population level?
- Nutrition · ApplicationWhat index is commonly used to classify adult underweight or obesity?
- Nutrition: child growth · ApplicationWhich index is most useful for identifying acute malnutrition or wasting in children?
- Nutrition: vitamin A deficiency · ApplicationWhich ocular manifestation is associated with vitamin A deficiency in children?
- Nutrition · ApplicationWhat is stunting in child growth assessment?
Maternal and child health39
- Maternal and child health: MDSR reporting · ApplicationUnder the Maternal Death Surveillance and Response guidelines, every maternal death in a facility should be notified within:
- Maternal and child health: high-risk pregnancy · ApplicationWhich of the following would classify a pregnant woman as high risk?
- Maternal and child health: Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakram · ApplicationWhich of the following is an entitlement under Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakram?
- Maternal and child health: SUMAN · ApplicationThe SUMAN (Surakshit Matritva Aashwasan) initiative assures:
- Maternal and child health: calcium supplementation in pregnancy · ApplicationIn the national guidelines, calcium supplementation for pregnant women is given as:
- Maternal and child health: kangaroo mother care · ApplicationKangaroo mother care is mainly used for care of:
- Maternal and child health: infant mortality rate · ApplicationA town had 3,000 live births in a year, with 60 deaths under one year of age. The infant mortality rate is:
- Maternal and child health: perinatal mortality · ApplicationThe numerator of the perinatal mortality rate in India includes:
- Maternal and child health: SDG targets for child mortality · ApplicationSDG 3.2 sets the 2030 target for neonatal mortality and under-5 mortality, respectively, at no more than:
- Maternal and child health: India Newborn Action Plan · ApplicationThe India Newborn Action Plan aims to achieve which targets by 2030?
- Maternal and child health: newborn care facilities · ApplicationWhich facility provides level II newborn care for sick babies at the district hospital level?
- Maternal and child health: IMNCI danger signs · Multi-stepAn 18-month-old child is brought with cough and vomits everything she is given. As per IMNCI, the action is to:
- Maternal and child health: Home Based Young Child Care · ApplicationIn the Home Based Young Child Care programme, ASHA workers visit the child at:
- Maternal and child health: Rashtriya Kishor Swasthya Karyakram · ApplicationWhich is a strategic priority area of Rashtriya Kishor Swasthya Karyakram?
- Maternal and child health: school health · ApplicationUnder the Ayushman Bharat School Health and Wellness Programme, the health and wellness ambassadors are:
- Maternal and child health: injectable contraceptive Antara · ApplicationAntara, the injectable contraceptive in the national programme, contains DMPA and is given:
- Maternal and child health: Chhaya · ApplicationChhaya (centchroman), included in the national family planning basket, is a:
- Maternal and child health: no-scalpel vasectomy · ApplicationAfter no-scalpel vasectomy, the couple should use additional contraception until:
- Maternal and child health: MTP Amendment Act 2021 · Multi-stepA rape survivor presents at 22 weeks of pregnancy seeking termination. According to the MTP (Amendment) Act 2021:
- Maternal and child health: WHO child growth standards · ApplicationThe WHO child growth standards (2006) were derived from:
- Maternal and child health: ASHA · ApplicationThe ASHA under the National Health Mission is best described as:
- Maternal and child health: Village Health Sanitation and Nutrition Day · ApplicationVillage Health Sanitation and Nutrition Day is held:
- Maternal and child health: emergency obstetric care · ApplicationWhich service distinguishes comprehensive from basic emergency obstetric care?
- Maternal and child health: first referral unit · ApplicationWhich of the following is a requirement for a facility to be designated as a First Referral Unit?
- Maternal and child health: cord care · ApplicationIn areas with high home delivery rates and high neonatal mortality, which agent applied to the umbilical stump is recommended to reduce omphalitis and death?
- Maternal and child health: Rh immunoglobulin · Multi-stepAn Rh-negative woman with a negative antibody screen delivers an Rh-positive baby. What should be given to prevent haemolytic disease in her next pregnancy?
- Maternal and child health: atonic postpartum haemorrhage · ApplicationA woman bleeds heavily after delivery, and the uterus is soft and boggy. What is the first step?
- Maternal and child health: post-neonatal mortality · Multi-stepA baby born alive in a hospital dies of pneumonia on day 45 of life. In which mortality rate, other than the infant mortality rate, is this death counted?
- Maternal and child health: PC-PNDT Act · ApplicationDuring a routine antenatal ultrasound, a radiologist tells a couple that the fetus is female, and the family later asks about termination. Which Indian law has the radi…
- Maternal and child health: postpartum IUCD · ApplicationA multipara delivers at a district hospital and asks for a long-acting reversible method before discharge. Under national family planning guidelines, up to what time af…
- Maternal and child health: standard days method · ApplicationA woman with regular menstrual cycles of 28 days wants a natural method that uses a string of coloured beads. According to the standard days method, which days of the c…
- Maternal and child health: postpartum sterilisation timing · ApplicationA multipara delivers normally in a district hospital on day 0 and asks for female sterilisation before going home. Under the Indian standards for sterilisation services…
- Maternal and child health: skilled birth attendant · ApplicationFor the national indicator on deliveries conducted by skilled birth attendants, which of the following would NOT count as a skilled attendant?
- Maternal and child health: antenatal corticosteroids · Multi-stepA woman at 30 weeks of gestation arrives with regular contractions and cervical dilatation of 3 cm. The facility has no neonatal intensive care. Besides arranging refer…
- Maternal and child health: albendazole in pregnancy · ApplicationA pregnant woman in the second trimester attends an antenatal clinic in an area where hookworm is common. According to the national deworming guidance, how is albendazo…
- Maternal and child health: Reproductive and Child Health portal · ApplicationThe Ministry of Health uses a web-based system that records each pregnant woman and infant by name so that due lists for antenatal care and immunisation can be generate…
- Maternal and child health: antenatal registration · ApplicationA woman's pregnancy is detected at 8 weeks. According to national guidance, by when should she be registered for antenatal care?
- Maternal and child health · ApplicationWhat is the most appropriate purpose of growth monitoring in young children?
- Maternal and child health · ApplicationWhat does neonatal mortality rate count?
Demography35
- Demography: total fertility rate · Multi-stepIn a state, the age-specific fertility rates per 1000 women in five-year age groups 15-19, 20-24, 25-29, 30-34, 35-39, 40-44 and 45-49 are 20, 120, 150, 100, 60, 20 and…
- Demography: demographic cycle · ApplicationA country has recently improved sanitation, immunisation and food supply. Its death rate has fallen sharply, but its birth rate remains high and its population is growi…
- Demography: Pearl index · Multi-stepIn a trial of an oral contraceptive, 200 women are followed for 2 years and 5 pregnancies occur while the pill is being used correctly. What is the Pearl index?
- Demography: population pyramid · ApplicationA population pyramid has a narrow base that is smaller than the middle age groups and a relatively wide upper part. What does this indicate?
- Demography: natural growth rate · ApplicationA state reports a crude birth rate of 24 and a crude death rate of 8 per 1,000 population. Ignoring migration, what is its annual natural growth rate?
- Demography: doubling time · ApplicationA population grows at a steady annual rate of 2.5%. Using the rule of 70, approximately how many years will it take to double?
- Demography: dependency ratio · Multi-stepA population has 28% of people aged 0 to 14 years, 64% aged 15 to 64 years and 8% aged 65 years or more. What is the total dependency ratio, per 100 persons of working…
- Demography: general fertility rate · ApplicationA town of 100,000 people recorded 1,500 live births in a year. There were 30,000 women aged 15 to 49 years. What are the crude birth rate and the general fertility rate?
- Demography: Sample Registration System · ApplicationThe Sample Registration System of India is mainly used to obtain:
- Demography: replacement level fertility · ApplicationReplacement level fertility is a total fertility rate of about:
- Demography: demographic dividend · ApplicationA demographic dividend arises when a country has:
- Demography: healthy life expectancy · ApplicationHealth-adjusted (healthy) life expectancy differs from simple life expectancy at birth in that it:
- Demography: Medical Certification of Cause of Death · ApplicationThe Medical Certification of Cause of Death scheme is mainly implemented to:
- Demography: National Family Health Survey · ApplicationThe National Family Health Survey in India is coordinated by:
- Demography: urban area definition · ApplicationWhich of the following is a criterion used in the Census to define a census town?
- Demography: HMIS · ApplicationThe Health Management Information System in India is best described as:
- Demography: SDG 3 maternal mortality target · ApplicationSDG target 3.1 aims to reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than:
- Demography: Multidimensional Poverty Index · ApplicationThe Multidimensional Poverty Index measures deprivation across which three dimensions?
- Demography: cost-effectiveness analysis · ApplicationIn cost-effectiveness analysis, alternative interventions are compared on the basis of:
- Demography: social mobility · ApplicationIn medical sociology, movement of an individual or group from one social class to another is called:
- Demography: community diagnosis · ApplicationThe main purpose of a community diagnosis is to:
- Demography: gross reproduction rate · ApplicationA demographer wants a fertility measure that counts only the daughters a woman would bear over her lifetime if she survived through all her childbearing years. Which ra…
- Demography: child-woman ratio · ApplicationIn a district with incomplete birth registration, a planner wants a rough index of fertility derived only from the age-sex tables of the census. Which measure fits?
- Demography: demographic cycle · ApplicationA country has a low and stable death rate, a birth rate that is falling quickly because of family planning and urbanisation, and a population still growing but more slo…
- Demography: population momentum · Multi-stepA country's total fertility rate has fallen to the replacement level, yet its population is expected to keep rising for another 30 to 40 years. What best explains this?
- Demography: female education and fertility · ApplicationWhich change in the female population is most consistently associated with a fall in both fertility and infant mortality in demographic studies?
- Demography · ApplicationCrude birth rate uses what denominator?
- Demography · ApplicationWhat is crude death rate denominator?
- Demography · ApplicationWhat is the crude birth rate denominator?
- Demography · ApplicationWhat does total fertility rate estimate?
- Demography · ApplicationWhat is the denominator for crude death rate?
- Demography · ApplicationWhat does total fertility rate estimate?
- Demography · ApplicationWhat does dependency ratio compare?
- Demography · ApplicationWhat does total fertility rate estimate?
- Demography · ApplicationWhat is sex ratio commonly expressed as?
Screening32
- Screening · ApplicationLead-time bias in a screening programme makes survival appear:
- Screening · ApplicationThe same screening test, with unchanged sensitivity and specificity, is applied in two populations, one with a higher disease prevalence. Which change is expected in th…
- Screening · Multi-stepA screening test has sensitivity 90 percent and specificity 70 percent. What is its positive likelihood ratio?
- Screening: predictive value · Multi-stepA screening test is applied to 100 people with a disease and 200 without. It is positive in 80 of the diseased and in 40 of the non-diseased. What is the positive predi…
- Screening: length-time bias · Multi-stepA mammography programme reports that women whose cancers were detected on screening survive longer than women whose cancers presented with a lump between screening roun…
- Screening: ROC curve · Multi-stepTwo screening tests are evaluated for the same condition. Test A has an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.55 and test B has 0.90. What is the…
- Screening: combining two tests in parallel · Multi-stepA programme screens for a serious treatable disease with two independent tests. Test A has sensitivity 80% and specificity 90%. Test B has sensitivity 70% and specifici…
- Screening: combining two tests · Multi-stepTwo independent tests for the same disease have sensitivities of 80% and 70%. In a screening programme both tests are done on every person, and anyone positive on eithe…
- Screening · ApplicationTrue-positive proportion among diseased people is what?
- Screening · ApplicationTrue-negative proportion among nondiseased people is what?
- Screening · ApplicationWhat is a harm of screening?
- Screening · ApplicationWhich screening test property is most important for ruling out disease when negative?
- Screening · ApplicationWhich test property helps confirm disease after a positive result?
- Screening · ApplicationPredictive values are most directly affected by what population factor?
- Screening · ApplicationWhat is a false-positive screening result?
- Screening · ApplicationWhat is a false-negative screening result?
- Screening · ApplicationWhat makes a disease suitable for population screening?
- Screening · ApplicationWhat is the usual next step after a positive screening test?
- Screening · ApplicationWhat property is especially useful for ruling out disease after a negative test?
- Screening · ApplicationWhat property is especially useful for confirming disease after a positive test?
- Screening · ApplicationWhich characteristic makes a condition more suitable for population screening?
- Screening · ApplicationWhat does screening test sensitivity describe?
- Screening · ApplicationWhat happens to positive predictive value when disease prevalence increases, assuming test characteristics stay unchanged?
- Screening · ApplicationWhich feature is essential before introducing a population screening programme?
- Screening · ApplicationWhat is overdiagnosis in a screening programme?
- Screening · ApplicationWhich measure describes the ability of a test to rule out disease when negative?
- Screening: sensitivity · ApplicationA screening test has high sensitivity. What does this mean?
- Screening: positive predictive value · Multi-stepWhen disease prevalence falls while sensitivity and specificity remain unchanged, what usually happens to the positive predictive value of a screening test?
- Screening · ApplicationWhat is verification bias in a diagnostic study?
- Screening · ApplicationWhy can a highly sensitive test be useful as an initial screen?
- Screening · ApplicationWhat is a receiver operating characteristic curve used for?
- Screening · ApplicationWhat is lead-time bias in cancer screening?
Non-communicable diseases21
- Non-communicable diseases: India HEARTS · ApplicationThe India HEARTS initiative for hypertension control in primary care is characterised by:
- Non-communicable diseases: diagnosis of diabetes · ApplicationA 45-year-old has fasting plasma glucose of 128 mg/dL on two separate days with no symptoms. The most appropriate interpretation is:
- Non-communicable diseases: primary prevention of rheumatic fever · ApplicationPrimary prevention of rheumatic fever consists of:
- Non-communicable diseases: waist hip ratio · ApplicationA woman has waist 90 cm and hip 100 cm. Her waist hip ratio is 0.9. By the standard cut-off for central obesity in women, she is:
- Non-communicable diseases: cervical cancer screening · ApplicationIn the national population-based screening guidelines, visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) is recommended for women:
- Non-communicable diseases: MPOWER · ApplicationIn the WHO MPOWER package for tobacco control, the letter W stands for:
- Non-communicable diseases: brief tobacco advice · ApplicationWhich of the following is NOT one of the 5 As of brief tobacco cessation advice?
- Non-communicable diseases: District Mental Health Programme · ApplicationThe District Mental Health Programme, begun in 1996 under the National Mental Health Programme, primarily seeks to:
- Non-communicable diseases: Mental Healthcare Act 2017 · Multi-stepUnder the Mental Healthcare Act 2017, a person who attempts suicide is:
- Non-communicable diseases: Bitot spots · ApplicationIn the WHO classification of xerophthalmia, Bitot's spots correspond to stage:
- Non-communicable diseases: fluoride in drinking water · ApplicationThe WHO guideline value for fluoride in drinking water, above which the risk of dental and skeletal fluorosis increases, is:
- Non-communicable diseases: HPV DNA testing · ApplicationCompared with cervical cytology, primary HPV DNA testing for cervical cancer screening is:
- Non-communicable diseases: ergotism · ApplicationVillagers who ate bajra contaminated with a fungus develop burning pain, gangrene of fingers and convulsions in an outbreak. Which toxin is responsible?
- Non-communicable diseases: SAFE strategy for trachoma · ApplicationA survey in a district finds trachomatous inflammation-follicular (TF) in 12 percent of children aged 1 to 9 years. Under the WHO SAFE strategy, which action is recomme…
- Non-communicable diseases: dietary approach to hypertension · ApplicationA 45-year-old man has stage 1 hypertension with no target organ damage. His physician advises a diet rich in fruits, vegetables and low-fat dairy products, with reduced…
- Non-communicable diseases: alcohol withdrawal management · ApplicationA 40-year-old man who drank heavily for years has been admitted after an accident and stopped drinking 36 hours ago. He now has tremors, sweating, agitation and a pulse…
- Non-communicable diseases: classification of glucose tolerance · ApplicationA 50-year-old overweight man undergoes a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test. His fasting plasma glucose is 92 mg/dL and the 2-hour value is 168 mg/dL. How is his glycaemi…
- Non-communicable diseases: pack-years of smoking · ApplicationA 55-year-old man has smoked 30 cigarettes a day for 20 years. How much has he smoked in pack-years, taking a pack as 20 cigarettes?
- Non-communicable diseases: diabetic neuropathy screening · ApplicationA primary care doctor performs an annual foot examination of a patient with type 2 diabetes for 8 years. Which simple bedside test screens for loss of protective sensat…
- Non-communicable diseases: protective factors for breast cancer · ApplicationA woman asks which reproductive factor is associated with a lower risk of breast cancer. Which should the doctor mention?
- Non-communicable diseases: helmet use in road safety · ApplicationA district road safety committee wants to reduce deaths among two-wheeler riders, who account for most fatalities. Which single measure is the most effective?
Concept of health and disease20
- Concept of health and disease: stage of susceptibility · ApplicationIn the natural history of disease, which level of prevention is appropriate during the stage of susceptibility, before the disease process has begun?
- Concept of health and disease: secondary prevention · ApplicationA community programme screens asymptomatic adults above 30 years for hypertension with a blood pressure check. At which level of prevention does this activity fall?
- Concept of health and disease: elimination versus eradication · ApplicationReduction of disease incidence to zero in a defined geographical area as a result of deliberate efforts, with continued intervention needed to prevent re-establishment,…
- Concept of health and disease: elements of primary health care · ApplicationWhich of the following is NOT among the essential elements of primary health care described at Alma-Ata?
- Concept of health and disease: PHC population norm hilly area · ApplicationAs per Indian Public Health Standards, a Primary Health Centre in a hilly or tribal area is planned for a population of about:
- Concept of health and disease: Health and Wellness Centres · ApplicationThe main conceptual shift introduced by Ayushman Bharat Health and Wellness Centres is:
- Concept of health and disease: Kartar Singh Committee · ApplicationThe concept of multipurpose workers (one male and one female per 10,000 population) in Indian health services was recommended by which committee?
- Concept of health and disease: stages of change · ApplicationA smoker states that he has bought nicotine gum and intends to quit within the next month. According to the Prochaska model, he is in which stage of change?
- Concept of health and disease: genetic counselling · ApplicationBoth parents are carriers of an autosomal recessive disease. What is the chance that each child will be affected?
- Concept of health and disease: health education methods · ApplicationAn ASHA wants mothers to learn how to prepare oral rehydration solution correctly. Which health education method is most effective for teaching this skill?
- Concept of health and disease: Health Belief Model · ApplicationA health educator finds that women in a village know that cervical cancer is a serious and often fatal disease, but few attend screening because they feel it can never…
- Concept of health and disease: Delphi technique · ApplicationA ministry wants consensus among 40 public health experts in different states on priority indicators for a new programme. The experts answer questionnaires anonymously,…
- Concept of health and disease: universal health coverage dimensions · ApplicationA state government decides that its health insurance scheme will now pay a larger share of each hospital bill, so that families pay less out of pocket. In the WHO frame…
- Concept of health and disease: impairment, disability and handicap · ApplicationA postman loses his leg below the knee in a road accident. He can no longer walk long distances, and because of this he loses his job and his place in village social li…
- Concept of health and disease: health field concept · ApplicationA health planner finds that most premature deaths in her state follow tobacco use, unhealthy diet and physical inactivity. She proposes moving part of the budget from h…
- Concept of health and disease: quality-adjusted life year · ApplicationA new therapy gives a patient 6 additional years of life at a health-related quality weight of 0.7, where 1 is full health and 0 is death. How many quality-adjusted lif…
- Concept of health and disease: socio-economic scale · ApplicationA survey team wants to place families in socio-economic classes using only the per capita monthly income of the family, with class limits revised through the Consumer P…
- Concept of health and disease: horizontal equity · ApplicationA state scheme provides the same free dialysis sessions to every patient with end-stage kidney disease, regardless of caste, income or address. Which equity principle d…
- Concept of health and disease: Koch's postulates · Multi-stepMycobacterium leprae cannot be grown on artificial culture media. Which of Koch's original postulates can therefore not be fulfilled for leprosy?
- Concept of health and disease: social gradient in health · Multi-stepA long-running study of civil servants finds that mortality rises in steps from the highest to the lowest employment grade, even though all have stable jobs and access…
National programmes20
- National programmes: population-based NCD screening · ApplicationAn ASHA is enumerating a village for the population-based screening of hypertension, diabetes and common cancers under the national NCD programme. Which persons are tar…
- National programmes: leprosy disability grading · ApplicationA 45-year-old farmer under treatment in the national leprosy programme has loss of sensation in both hands and a visible claw deformity of the right hand. What is his W…
- National programmes: TB preventive treatment · Multi-stepA 3-year-old asymptomatic child lives with his father, who has just been diagnosed with microbiologically confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis. Under the national TB progra…
- National programmes: malaria indicators · Multi-stepIn a malaria-endemic block with a population of 40,000, 8,000 blood slides were examined in a year and 200 were confirmed positive for malaria parasites. What is the an…
- National programmes: treatment of vivax malaria · Multi-stepA non-pregnant 25-year-old man with normal G6PD status has a confirmed Plasmodium vivax infection. Which regimen is recommended under the national malaria programme?
- National programmes: mid-day meal norms · ApplicationA government school provides a hot cooked meal to a child studying in class 7 under the national school meal scheme. What nutritional norm applies to upper primary chil…
- National programmes: RBSK categories · ApplicationUnder the Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram, a mobile health team detects clinical rickets in a 3-year-old child at an anganwadi. In which of the four categories ('4 Ds'…
- National programmes: tetanus toxoid in pregnancy · ApplicationA primigravida at 12 weeks of gestation has never received a tetanus-containing vaccine. Which schedule is recommended under the national immunisation programme?
- National programmes: ART policy · ApplicationA newly diagnosed 30-year-old woman with HIV-1 infection is asymptomatic (WHO clinical stage 1) with a CD4 count of 620 cells/microlitre. According to the Indian nation…
- National programmes: iodised salt standards · ApplicationA health inspector tests a packet of iodised salt at a household in a goitre-endemic area. What is the minimum iodine content expected in salt at the consumer level und…
- National programmes: Anaemia Mukt Bharat supplementation · ApplicationA 15-year-old schoolgirl attends a school where weekly iron and folic acid supplementation is given under the national anaemia control strategy. What does each weekly t…
- National programmes: home-based newborn care · ApplicationAn ASHA has to visit the home of a newborn after an institutional delivery under the home-based newborn care programme. What is the schedule of home visits?
- National programmes: IDSP reporting forms · ApplicationA medical officer at a community health centre reports a presumptive case of acute diarrhoeal disease, diagnosed clinically, to the Integrated Disease Surveillance Prog…
- National programmes: NTEP, rifampicin resistance · ApplicationA newly diagnosed adult with pulmonary tuberculosis has a CBNAAT result of Mycobacterium tuberculosis detected with rifampicin resistance detected. What is the appropri…
- National programmes: malaria treatment in pregnancy · Multi-stepA woman at 20 weeks of gestation has uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria confirmed on rapid diagnostic test, in an area where artesunate plus sulfadoxine-pyrime…
- National programmes: National Deworming Day · ApplicationOn National Deworming Day, a 20-month-old child and an 8-year-old child both attend an anganwadi. What albendazole doses should they receive?
- National programmes: visceral leishmaniasis in pregnancy · Multi-stepA 28-year-old woman at 14 weeks of pregnancy in a kala-azar endemic block in Bihar has fever for two months, massive splenomegaly and a positive rK39 test. Which drug i…
- National programmes: lymphatic filariasis mass drug administration · Multi-stepDuring mass drug administration for lymphatic filariasis with DEC and albendazole, a household has the following members: a 70-year-old grandfather with hydrocele, a 30…
- National programmes: AFP surveillance indicators · Multi-stepIn a state, 120 non-polio cases of acute flaccid paralysis in children under 15 years were reported in a year, and the population under 15 years is 6 million. Adequate…
- National programmes: HIV sentinel surveillance · ApplicationA programme manager needs a proxy for the trend of HIV prevalence in the general population of India. Which sentinel group is used by the national HIV sentinel surveill…
Study design17
- Study design · ApplicationBest design for rare disease is often what?
- Study design · ApplicationBest design for treatment efficacy is what?
- Study design · ApplicationWhat study measures exposure and outcome at one time?
- Study design · ApplicationWhat study follows exposed and unexposed groups over time?
- Study design · ApplicationWhat is blinding used for in research?
- Study design · ApplicationWhat is a placebo in a clinical trial?
- Study design · ApplicationWhich study design is most efficient for investigating a rare disease?
- Study design · ApplicationWhat is the main advantage of a cohort study for a suspected exposure?
- Study design · ApplicationWhat does random allocation in a clinical trial primarily aim to achieve?
- Study design · ApplicationWhy is blinding used in randomized trials?
- Study design: case-control · ApplicationWhich feature defines a case-control study?
- Study design: cohort · ApplicationWhich measure can be calculated directly in a prospective cohort study?
- Study design: randomized trial · ApplicationWhat is the main purpose of random allocation in a clinical trial?
- Study design · ApplicationWhat is the main limitation of a cross-sectional study?
- Study design · ApplicationWhy are matching variables used in a case-control study?
- Study design · ApplicationWhat is a nested case-control study?
- Study design · ApplicationWhy is intention-to-treat analysis used in randomized trials?
Demography and health indicators16
- Demography and health indicators · ApplicationA net reproduction rate of 1 means that:
- Demography and health indicators: maternal mortality · ApplicationIn a district there were 40 maternal deaths and 20,000 live births in a year. What is the maternal mortality ratio?
- Demography and health indicators: gross and net reproduction rates · Multi-stepA population has a gross reproduction rate of 1.8 and a net reproduction rate of 1.6. Why is the net rate lower?
- Demography and health indicators: bed occupancy rate · ApplicationA 100-bed hospital records 2,400 inpatient days in a 30-day month. What is the bed occupancy rate?
- Demography and health indicators: lifetime risk of maternal death · ApplicationA report quotes the lifetime risk of maternal death for a country. What does this indicator express?
- Demography and health indicators: bed turnover rate · ApplicationA 200-bed hospital discharged 5,000 patients, including deaths, during a year. What is its bed turnover rate per bed per year?
- Demography and health indicators: years of potential life lost · ApplicationUsing 65 years as the reference age, two deaths occur in a community at ages 25 and 50 years. What is the total number of years of potential life lost?
- Demography and health indicators: Gender Inequality Index · ApplicationA health economist compares the UNDP Human Development Index with the Gender Inequality Index. Which indicator enters the Gender Inequality Index but not the Human Deve…
- Demography and health indicators: average length of stay · ApplicationA 100-bed district hospital recorded 1,800 inpatient days in a 30-day month. During the month 300 patients were discharged, including those who died. What was the avera…
- Demography and health indicators: verbal autopsy · ApplicationIn rural areas of India where most deaths occur at home without a doctor, trained non-medical surveyors visit the family and use a structured questionnaire on symptoms…
- Demography and health indicators: early neonatal mortality · ApplicationIn a district with 6,000 live births in a year, 54 babies died in days 0 to 6, 36 died in days 7 to 27, and 60 died between day 28 and the first birthday. What is the e…
- Demography and health indicators: bed turnover interval · Multi-stepA 100-bed hospital had 2,400 inpatient days and 200 discharges including deaths in a 30-day month. On average, how many days did a bed stay empty between one patient le…
- Demography and health indicators: cause-specific death rate · ApplicationIn a district of 200,000 people there were 1,600 deaths in a year, of which 120 were due to cancer. What is the death rate from cancer?
- Demography and health indicators: late maternal death · Multi-stepA woman develops hypopituitarism after severe postpartum haemorrhage and dies of adrenal crisis 4 months after delivery. How is this death classified?
- Demography and health indicators: couple protection rate calculation · ApplicationA block has 5,000 eligible couples. All of the following are current users of approved methods: 1,000 sterilised, 400 with IUCD, 300 using condoms and 200 using oral pi…
- Demography and health indicators: unmet need for contraception · ApplicationA fecund 30-year-old woman has three children, is not pregnant, wants no more children and uses no contraceptive method. How is she classified?
National health programmes16
- National health programmes: Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission · ApplicationUnder the Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission, the ABHA number is:
- National health programmes: eSanjeevani · ApplicationThe eSanjeevani AB-HWC telemedicine service functions on which model?
- National health programmes: DOTS components · ApplicationWhich of the following is NOT a component of the DOTS strategy?
- National health programmes: vector borne disease programme · ApplicationWhich of the following is NOT covered by the National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme?
- National health programmes: targeted interventions · ApplicationWhich of the following is NOT a core high-risk group for targeted interventions under the national AIDS control programme?
- National health programmes: National Tobacco Control Programme · ApplicationThe National Tobacco Control Programme in India was launched in:
- National health programmes: Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Yojana · ApplicationThe main objective of Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Yojana is to:
- National health programmes: Kayakalp · ApplicationThe Kayakalp initiative, launched in 2015, rewards public health facilities for:
- National health programmes: Mission Poshan 2.0 · ApplicationMission Poshan 2.0 is an integrated nutrition support programme that merges:
- National health programmes: Free Drugs Service Initiative · ApplicationThe Free Drugs Service Initiative under NHM supports states to:
- National health programmes: ambulance services · ApplicationIn the national emergency transport services, the toll-free number 102 is primarily meant for:
- National health programmes: Sickle Cell Anaemia Elimination Mission · ApplicationThe National Sickle Cell Anaemia Elimination Mission launched in 2023 aims to eliminate sickle cell disease as a public health problem by:
- National health programmes: kala-azar elimination threshold · ApplicationThe national kala-azar elimination target is an annual incidence of less than 1 case per 10,000 population at block level. A block in Bihar with a population of 80,000…
- National health programmes: coverage needed in filariasis MDA · ApplicationA district conducts annual mass drug administration for lymphatic filariasis using diethylcarbamazine and albendazole. To interrupt transmission, at least what effectiv…
- National health programmes: Rogi Kalyan Samiti · ApplicationUnder the National Health Mission, which body, registered as a society at a district hospital or community health centre, involves local representatives in managing the…
- National health programmes: slide positivity rate · ApplicationIn a malaria-endemic block with a population of 50,000, 5,000 blood slides were examined in a year and 250 were positive. What is the slide positivity rate?
Bias15
- Bias · ApplicationDifferential recall of exposure is what bias?
- Bias · ApplicationEarlier diagnosis without mortality gain causes what bias?
- Bias · ApplicationWhat bias occurs when disease cases remember exposures differently?
- Bias · ApplicationWhat bias occurs when screening detects slow-growing disease preferentially?
- Bias · ApplicationWhat bias occurs when cases remember past exposures differently from controls?
- Bias · ApplicationWhat bias can make screening appear to improve survival simply by earlier diagnosis?
- Bias · ApplicationWhat is selection bias?
- Bias · ApplicationAn observed exposure-outcome association is distorted by a third factor related to both; what is this source of bias called?
- Bias · ApplicationWhat type of bias occurs when cases remember a past exposure more completely than controls?
- Bias · ApplicationWhat does lead-time bias make appear longer in a screened population?
- Bias: recall bias · ApplicationIn a case-control study of childhood illness, parents of affected children remember household pesticide use more intensely than parents of unaffected children. What bia…
- Bias: confounding · ApplicationCoffee drinking appears associated with lung cancer, but smoking is more common among coffee drinkers and independently causes lung cancer. Smoking is acting as what?
- Bias · ApplicationWhat is selection bias?
- Bias · ApplicationWhat is interviewer bias?
- Bias · ApplicationWhat is misclassification bias?
Immunization14
- Immunization · ApplicationWhat is vaccine efficacy measured in trials?
- Immunization · ApplicationWhat may reduce vaccine program effectiveness?
- Immunization · ApplicationWhich vaccine type generally induces strong cellular and humoral immunity?
- Immunization · ApplicationWhat is the purpose of a booster dose?
- Immunization · ApplicationWhat community effect occurs when enough people are immune to reduce transmission?
- Immunization · ApplicationWhat kind of immunity is provided by an immunoglobulin injection?
- Immunization · ApplicationWhat is cold-chain maintenance for vaccines intended to preserve?
- Immunization · ApplicationWhat type of immunity follows vaccination?
- Immunization · ApplicationWhat is the main purpose of vaccine cold chain?
- Immunization · ApplicationWhat is herd protection in an immunization program?
- Immunization · ApplicationWhich example represents passive immunization?
- Immunization · ApplicationWhy is maintaining the vaccine cold chain important?
- Immunization · ApplicationWhat is herd immunity in a vaccinated community?
- Immunization · ApplicationWhy are cold-chain procedures important for vaccines?
Maternal health12
- Maternal health: iron and folic acid supplementation · ApplicationA programme officer is explaining the national IFA supplementation schedule for pregnant women to ASHA workers. Which statement is correct?
- Maternal health: anaemia in pregnancy · Multi-stepA 24-year-old woman at 24 weeks of gestation has a haemoglobin of 8.2 g/dL, with no signs of heart failure and no bleeding. According to national grading, how is her an…
- Maternal health: three delays model · Multi-stepA woman in labour develops heavy bleeding at home. The family recognises the danger immediately and agrees to go to hospital, but they lose 4 hours finding a vehicle be…
- Maternal health: partograph · ApplicationA labour room nurse is trained to use the modified WHO partograph. Where does plotting of cervical dilatation begin, and where is the action line placed?
- Maternal health: active management of third stage of labour · ApplicationA midwife has just delivered a baby at a primary health centre, and abdominal palpation confirms there is no second baby. What is the first step in the active managemen…
- Maternal health: magnesium sulphate toxicity · Multi-stepA woman with eclampsia is on the Pritchard regimen of magnesium sulphate. Before the next maintenance dose, her respiratory rate is 18 per minute, urine output is 50 mL…
- Maternal health: preconception folic acid · ApplicationA 27-year-old woman who previously delivered a baby with a neural tube defect plans another pregnancy. What folic acid advice is correct?
- Maternal health: partograph interpretation · Multi-stepIn a primigravida, the active phase of labour is plotted on the WHO partograph from 4 cm dilatation at 08:00. By 14:00 the cervix is only 5 cm dilated, with adequate co…
- Maternal health: classification of maternal deaths · Multi-stepA district reviews four women's deaths. Which one is counted as a maternal death for calculating the maternal mortality ratio?
- Maternal health · ApplicationWhat does skilled birth attendance aim to reduce?
- Maternal health · ApplicationWhat does maternal mortality ratio use as its denominator?
- Maternal health · ApplicationWhat is an essential component of respectful maternity care?
Communicable disease11
- Communicable disease · ApplicationWhat is the first step in investigating an outbreak?
- Communicable disease · ApplicationAn epidemic curve is mainly used to describe what?
- Communicable disease · ApplicationWhat is the usual role of isolation in infection control?
- Communicable disease · ApplicationWhat is quarantine used for?
- Communicable disease · ApplicationWhat is a reservoir of infection?
- Communicable disease · ApplicationWhat is an incubation period?
- Communicable disease · ApplicationWhat is contact tracing intended to do?
- Communicable disease · ApplicationWhat is the first step in investigating a suspected outbreak?
- Communicable disease · ApplicationWhat does an epidemic curve display?
- Communicable disease · ApplicationWhat is isolation used for in infection control?
- Communicable disease: chain of infection · ApplicationWhich intervention most directly interrupts airborne transmission of an infectious pathogen in a crowded indoor setting?
Study designs11
- Study designs · ApplicationWhich design begins with disease status and looks back for exposures?
- Study designs · ApplicationWhich measure is typically calculated directly in a cohort study?
- Study designs · ApplicationRandom allocation chiefly reduces which problem?
- Study designs · ApplicationWhat design follows exposed and unexposed groups forward in time?
- Study designs · ApplicationWhat design measures exposure and outcome at one point in time?
- Study designs · ApplicationWhat is the major advantage of randomization in a trial?
- Study designs · ApplicationWhich study starts with disease status then examines prior exposure?
- Study designs · ApplicationWhich measure is directly calculated in a cohort study?
- Study designs · ApplicationWhat does random allocation primarily reduce in a trial?
- Study designs · ApplicationWhich study design is usually most efficient for examining a rare disease?
- Study designs · ApplicationWhat is confounding in an observational study?
Health indicators10
- Health indicators: disability-adjusted life years · ApplicationIn a district, a disease accounted for 250 years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLL) and 90 years lived with disability (YLD) during one year. How many disabi…
- Health indicators: Swaroop's index · ApplicationIn a district, 1,000 deaths were registered in a year and 620 of them occurred in persons aged 50 years or more. What is the value of Swaroop's index, and what does a h…
- Health indicators: DALY calculation · Multi-stepIn a community, a disease causes 5 premature deaths, each losing an average of 30 years of expected life. It also affects 10 other people, each with a disability weight…
- Health indicators: standardised mortality ratio · Multi-stepA factory population experienced 90 deaths in a year. Applying the age-specific death rates of the general population to the factory's age structure gives an expected 6…
- Health indicators · ApplicationInfant mortality rate uses deaths under what age in its numerator?
- Health indicators · ApplicationMaternal mortality ratio is conventionally expressed per how many live births?
- Health indicators · ApplicationWhat rate measures deaths within the first 28 completed days of life?
- Health indicators · ApplicationWhat does life expectancy at birth summarize?
- Health indicators · ApplicationWhat does infant mortality rate count?
- Health indicators · ApplicationWhat does maternal mortality ratio use as its denominator?
Health promotion10
- Health promotion: Ottawa Charter · ApplicationA national government legislates a ban on industrially produced trans fats in all packaged food. Under the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, which action area does t…
- Health promotion · ApplicationWhat supports health promotion?
- Health promotion · ApplicationWhat is a social determinant of health?
- Health promotion · ApplicationPrimary prevention aims to do what?
- Health promotion · ApplicationSecondary prevention is exemplified by what?
- Health promotion · ApplicationWhat does health education aim to improve?
- Health promotion · ApplicationWhat is the aim of primary prevention?
- Health promotion · ApplicationWhich Ottawa Charter action area focuses on enabling people to take control of health?
- Health promotion · ApplicationWhat is an example of primordial prevention?
- Health promotion · ApplicationWhat is community participation in health programmes?
Occupational health9
- Occupational health · ApplicationA textile mill worker has chest tightness and breathlessness that is worst on the first working day of the week and improves later. Which condition is this?
- Occupational health · ApplicationA worker in a sugar mill handling stored sugarcane residue develops fever, cough and breathlessness several hours after exposure. Which agent causes this hypersensitivi…
- Occupational health: pneumoconiosis · ApplicationA 50-year-old stone quarry worker has progressive breathlessness. Chest radiograph shows small nodules in the upper zones and egg-shell calcification of hilar nodes. Wh…
- Occupational health · ApplicationWhat is a basic approach to reducing workplace hazard exposure?
- Occupational health · ApplicationWhich workplace control is most effective for preventing inhalation exposure to a hazardous dust?
- Occupational health · ApplicationWhat is the purpose of pre-placement medical assessment?
- Occupational health · ApplicationWhich preventive hierarchy is most effective for reducing workplace exposure to a hazardous chemical?
- Occupational health · ApplicationWhat is the preferred control for a hazardous chemical under the hierarchy of controls?
- Occupational health · ApplicationWhat is the purpose of periodic occupational health surveillance?
Outbreak investigation9
- Outbreak investigation · ApplicationIn an outbreak among people who attended one meal, what measure best estimates risk among those who ate a particular food?
- Outbreak investigation · ApplicationWhat epidemic-curve pattern most suggests a single point-source exposure?
- Outbreak investigation · ApplicationWhat is the first practical step in investigating a suspected outbreak?
- Outbreak investigation · ApplicationWhy is a case definition created during outbreak investigation?
- Outbreak investigation · ApplicationWhat is an early step in investigating a suspected outbreak?
- Outbreak investigation · ApplicationWhat information is most useful for identifying a common food exposure during a point-source outbreak?
- Outbreak investigation · ApplicationWhat does a spot map help identify in an outbreak?
- Outbreak investigation · ApplicationWhat is a line list during an outbreak?
- Outbreak investigation · ApplicationWhy is active case finding used during an outbreak?
Levels of prevention8
- Levels of prevention: primordial prevention · ApplicationA state government bans the sale of sugar-sweetened beverages and junk food near schools and mandates front-of-pack warning labels, aiming to stop children from ever ad…
- Levels of prevention: specific protection · ApplicationA municipality adds fluoride to its piped water supply to reduce dental caries. In the Leavell and Clark scheme this measure is an example of:
- Levels of prevention: rehabilitation · ApplicationA 35-year-old man cured of leprosy has residual claw hands. He is trained in a vocational workshop and helped to set up a tailoring shop. Which level of prevention does…
- Levels of prevention · ApplicationWhich intervention is an example of primary prevention?
- Levels of prevention · ApplicationWhich activity is the best example of secondary prevention?
- Levels of prevention · ApplicationWhat is the central aim of tertiary prevention?
- Levels of prevention · ApplicationImmunizing children against measles is an example of which level of prevention?
- Levels of prevention · ApplicationPhysiotherapy after a stroke to improve mobility and reduce disability is which level of prevention?
Health economics6
- Health economics · ApplicationWhich two components are combined in a disability-adjusted life year (DALY)?
- Health economics · ApplicationWhich two elements are incorporated into a quality-adjusted life year (QALY)?
- Health economics · ApplicationWhat does cost-effectiveness analysis commonly compare?
- Health economics · ApplicationWhat is an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio?
- Health economics · ApplicationWhat is a quality-adjusted life year?
- Health economics · ApplicationWhat is opportunity cost in health-resource allocation?
Health systems6
- Health systems · ApplicationWhat is universal health coverage goal?
- Health systems · ApplicationA village health programme invites residents to identify local priorities and help plan services. Which primary-health-care principle does this demonstrate?
- Health systems · ApplicationWhat is primary health care intended to provide?
- Health systems · ApplicationWhat does referral linkage between primary and secondary care aim to improve?
- Health systems · ApplicationWhat is continuity of care?
- Health systems · ApplicationWhat is gatekeeping in a health system?
Child health5
- Child health: vitamin A prophylaxis schedule · ApplicationA health worker is reviewing the national vitamin A prophylaxis schedule for children. Which description is correct?
- Child health: pneumonia classification · ApplicationAn 8-month-old girl has cough for 3 days. Her respiratory rate is 54 per minute on two counts. She has no chest indrawing, no stridor, no danger signs and a normal oxyg…
- Child health: young infant danger signs · Multi-stepA 20-day-old infant is brought with fever for one day. Axillary temperature is 38.1 degrees Celsius, respiratory rate is 52 per minute, there is no chest indrawing, and…
- Child health · ApplicationWhat does exclusive breastfeeding mean for an infant?
- Child health · ApplicationWhat does integrated management of childhood illness emphasize?
Family planning5
- Family planning: lactational amenorrhoea method · ApplicationA mother who delivered 4 months ago asks if breastfeeding alone can serve as contraception. Which set of conditions must all be met for the lactational amenorrhoea meth…
- Family planning: copper intrauterine device · ApplicationA 28-year-old woman with two children wants a hormone-free, reversible method that will protect her for about 8 to 10 years without daily action. Which method best suit…
- Family planning: lactational amenorrhoea method · Multi-stepFour postpartum women ask about relying on the lactational amenorrhoea method (LAM). Who qualifies to use it as a contraceptive?
- Family planning: emergency contraception · Multi-stepA 26-year-old woman with a BMI of 33 kg/m2 had unprotected intercourse 4 days ago. She wants the most effective emergency contraception available in a standard Indian c…
- Family planning: Pearl index · Multi-stepIn a study of a contraceptive method, 250 women use it for 12 months each, and 5 accidental pregnancies occur. What is the Pearl index?
Health policy4
- Health policy · ApplicationWhat does equity in health aim to reduce?
- Health policy · ApplicationWhat is universal health coverage intended to achieve?
- Health policy · ApplicationWhat is an equity-focused health policy intended to reduce?
- Health policy · ApplicationWhat is an essential function of disease surveillance feedback?
Newborn care4
- Newborn care: hypothermia · ApplicationA 2-day-old term newborn has an axillary temperature of 36.2 degrees Celsius. The baby is feeding well and is active. How should this be classified and managed?
- Newborn care: hepatitis B prophylaxis · ApplicationA baby is born at term to a mother who is HBsAg positive. Which is the recommended immunoprophylaxis for the newborn?
- Newborn care: home-based newborn care visits · ApplicationA baby was born at home in a village under an ASHA worker's area. How many home-based newborn care visits should the ASHA make?
- Newborn care: home-based newborn care visits · ApplicationAfter an institutional delivery, on which days does an ASHA make the home-based newborn care visits under the national programme?
Communicable disease control3
Diabetes3
- Diabetes: diagnostic categories · Multi-stepAn asymptomatic 45-year-old has a fasting plasma glucose of 112 mg/dL and a 2-hour plasma glucose of 128 mg/dL after a 75 g oral glucose load. How is her glycaemic stat…
- Diabetes: prevention of type 2 diabetes · Multi-stepA 45-year-old overweight man has impaired glucose tolerance and an HbA1c of 6.0 percent. Based on the Diabetes Prevention Program trial, which strategy gives the greate…
- Diabetes: gestational diabetes in the Indian setting · Multi-stepA woman at 26 weeks of gestation attends an antenatal clinic in a resource-limited setting. Without fasting, she drinks 75 g of glucose and her 2-hour plasma glucose is…
Prevention3
Primary health care3
- Primary health care · ApplicationWhat term describes care that is accessible, essential, and community oriented?
- Primary health care · ApplicationA village health plan is designed with residents identifying priorities and helping run local services; which primary-health-care principle does this demonstrate?
- Primary health care · ApplicationWhich principle is fundamental to primary health care?
Research ethics3
Screening tests3
Surveillance3
Air pollution2
Cancer2
- Cancer: visual inspection with acetic acid · Multi-stepAt a screening camp a trained nurse applies 5 percent acetic acid to the cervix of a 42-year-old woman and sees a well-defined dense acetowhite area adjacent to the squ…
- Cancer: oral submucous fibrosis · ApplicationA 28-year-old man has chewed areca nut sachets for 8 years. He complains of burning with spicy food and difficulty opening the mouth. Examination shows blanched buccal…
Clinical trials2
- Clinical trials: intention-to-treat analysis · Multi-stepIn a trial, 200 patients are randomised equally to surgery or medical therapy. In the surgical arm, 30 patients refuse the operation and receive medical therapy instead…
- Clinical trials · ApplicationWhat is the principal purpose of random allocation in a controlled trial?
Concept of causation2
- Concept of causation: wheel model · ApplicationA model of disease causation depicts a host with a genetic core at the centre, surrounded by biological, social and physical environments, with the size of each part va…
- Concept of causation: necessary and sufficient causes · Multi-stepOnly a minority of people infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis develop clinical tuberculosis, but the disease cannot occur without the bacillus. In causal terminolo…
Hypertension2
- Hypertension: rule of halves · Multi-stepIn a community with 1000 hypertensive adults, the rule of halves holds exactly. How many of them are aware of the diagnosis, on treatment and adequately controlled, in…
- Hypertension: dietary salt recommendation · ApplicationA 50-year-old with newly diagnosed stage 1 hypertension asks for dietary advice. What is the WHO recommended upper limit of daily salt intake for adults?
Immunisation2
- Immunisation · ApplicationWhich vaccine is damaged by freezing and must be protected from it?
- Immunisation: vaccine vial monitor · ApplicationA health worker checks the vaccine vial monitor (VVM) on a vial of measles-rubella vaccine. The inner square is darker than the outer circle. What should be done?
Indicators2
Obesity2
- Obesity: BMI classification for Asians · ApplicationA 40-year-old Indian man weighs 66 kg and is 1.66 m tall. According to the Asia-Pacific BMI classification, he is best described as:
- Obesity: waist circumference cut-off · ApplicationAn Indian woman aged 38 has a BMI of 22 and a waist circumference of 84 cm. By the South Asian criteria used for the metabolic syndrome, which waist circumference defin…
Outbreak2
Outbreaks2
Quarantine2
Tests2
Vital statistics2
Water2
Burden of disease1
Disease surveillance1
Epidemiologic measures1
Ethics in public health1
Health care delivery1
Health education1
Infectious disease epidemiology1
Natural history of infection1
Preventive medicine1
Common questions
How many PSM questions are there?
888 original questions across 620 topics, and the bank grows over time.
Which PSM topics are covered?
Biostatistics, Environmental health, Epidemiology, Immunisation, Screening, Preventive medicine, Nutrition, Occupational health, Demography and health indicators, Demography and health indicators: maternal mortality, Epidemiology: odds ratio, Screening: predictive value, and more.
How difficult are these PSM questions?
0 are recall, 720 are application and 168 are multi-step. The tags are our own editorial judgement, not an official difficulty rating.
Are these PSM questions from past papers?
No. They are original practice items. NBEMS does not publish its paper or an official key, and we do not use recalled or leaked questions.
Can I practise PSM for free?
Yes. The free plan includes 20 practice questions a day across all subjects, and the free 20-question assessment covers every subject. A paid term removes the daily limit.
Is there a timed PSM test?
Yes. The PSM subject test is included with a paid term, with a countdown and a question palette.
How should I use these PSM questions?
Answer before you look, read the reason for every option, and write a three-line note for each mistake. A few questions you fully review are worth more than many you skim.
Have these PSM questions been reviewed by faculty?
Not yet. They are original and drafted with AI assistance, then edited by our team. Independent faculty review is planned, and each item shows its status. Confirm important facts in a standard textbook.