Dentistry MCQs for NEET PG
842 worked Dentistry questions across 70 areas. Each one has its own page with the reasoning for every option.
What this set is
Dentistry is a very small part of the paper, built on oral anatomy, common oral lesions and the surgical and preventive points a physician is expected to know. A short, structured revision covers most of it.
This page lists the 842 Dentistry questions that have a full worked page: 641 application questions that put a fact to use on a patient or a finding, and 201 multi-step questions that combine two or more ideas. Plain one-fact recall items are left out here on purpose. The Dentistry practice bank in the app is larger, with 2,985 questions in all, and is where timed tests and daily practice draw from.
How to use it
- Pick an area you are weak in, below.
- Answer first, then read why each wrong option fails.
- Write a three-line note for every miss, and revisit it in a week.
- Move to a timed Dentistry test once an area feels steady.
These are original practice items, not recalled exam questions, and they are not yet reviewed by independent faculty. Confirm important facts in a standard textbook.
What Dentistry covers in the exam
- Tooth development and dental anatomy
- Oral histology and anatomy
- Oral pathology: cysts and odontogenic tumours
- Caries, pulp and periodontal disease
- Oral medicine and oral cancer
- Oral and maxillofacial surgery and facial fractures
- Dental materials and radiology basics
- Orthodontics and paediatric dentistry
- Community dentistry
A study map from the standard curriculum; the NBEMS bulletin is the authority. See the Dentistry study guide.
Worked questions by area
70 areas, largest first. Open an area to see its questions.
Oral medicine and oral cancer67
- Oral medicine and oral cancer: HPV and oropharyngeal cancer · ApplicationA 48-year-old non-smoker presents with a painless neck node, and biopsy of the tonsil shows p16-positive squamous cell carcinoma. Which virus is implicated?
- Oral medicine and oral cancer: depth of invasion in staging · Multi-stepUnder the AJCC 8th edition, which new factor was added to the T category of oral cavity carcinoma?
- Oral medicine and oral cancer: selective neck dissection levels · Multi-stepA patient with a T2 cN0 carcinoma of the lateral tongue is planned for a selective neck dissection. Which levels are cleared in a supraomohyoid dissection?
- Oral medicine and oral cancer: Behcet disease · ApplicationA 28-year-old man from the Mediterranean has recurrent painful oral ulcers, genital ulcers and red eyes with a hypopyon. Which diagnosis fits?
- Oral medicine and oral cancer: herpetic gingivostomatitis · ApplicationA 3-year-old has fever, irritability, drooling, and numerous small vesicles that ulcerate on the gingiva, tongue and palate, with marked gingival swelling. Which agent…
- Oral medicine and oral cancer: burning mouth syndrome · ApplicationA 58-year-old postmenopausal woman reports a constant burning sensation of the tongue for 6 months. The mucosa looks normal and blood tests are normal. What is the like…
- Oral medicine and oral cancer: xerostomia treatment · ApplicationA 65-year-old with dry mouth following head and neck radiotherapy has difficulty swallowing and many new cavities. Which drug can be used to stimulate residual salivary…
- Oral medicine and oral cancer: leukoplakia malignant transformation · Multi-stepWhich clinical form of leukoplakia carries the highest risk of malignant transformation?
- Oral medicine and oral cancer: hand, foot and mouth disease · ApplicationA 4-year-old has fever, painful oral ulcers and small vesicles on the palms and soles, and several classmates are similarly affected. Which virus is the usual cause?
- Oral medicine and oral cancer: herpangina · ApplicationA child has sudden fever, sore throat and a cluster of small ulcers on the soft palate and tonsillar pillars, with a normal gingiva. Which is the best diagnosis?
- Oral medicine and oral cancer: median rhomboid glossitis · ApplicationAn asymptomatic smooth red diamond-shaped patch lacking papillae lies on the midline dorsum of the tongue in front of the circumvallate papillae in a smoker using inhal…
- Oral medicine and oral cancer: mumps parotitis · ApplicationA 7-year-old unvaccinated child has fever and painful bilateral swelling in front of and below the ears. A red swollen opening of Stensen's duct is seen. What is the li…
- Oral medicine and oral cancer: Plummer-Vinson syndrome · Multi-stepA middle-aged woman has iron deficiency anaemia, dysphagia due to an upper oesophageal web and a smooth atrophic tongue. Which oral cancer risk is increased?
- Oral medicine and oral cancer: mandibular resection in oral cancer · Multi-stepA 55-year-old tobacco chewer has a 3-cm ulcerative lesion of the lower alveolus and gingivobuccal sulcus. CT shows tumour eroding the cortex and extending into the marr…
- Oral medicine and oral cancer: lip cancer · ApplicationA 62-year-old farmer has a non-healing crusted ulcer on the vermilion of the centre of the lower lip. Which nodal group is the first echelon of lymphatic drainage from…
- Oral medicine and oral cancer: granulomatosis with polyangiitis · Multi-stepA 40-year-old has red, granular, strawberry-like gingival hyperplasia, a saddle-nose deformity, crusting nasal discharge and haematuria. Which antibody is most characte…
- Oral medicine and oral cancer: acromegaly · ApplicationA 38-year-old has enlarging hands, coarse features and a prominent jaw so that the lower teeth bite in front of the upper. New gaps have appeared between his teeth. Wha…
- Oral medicine and oral cancer: cervicofacial actinomycosis · Multi-stepA 35-year-old develops a firm swelling at the angle of the mandible 3 weeks after a molar extraction, with multiple discharging sinuses releasing yellow granules. Gram…
- Oral medicine and oral cancer: herpes zoster of the trigeminal nerve · Multi-stepA 58-year-old has 2 days of severe unilateral toothache in the upper molars, but the teeth are sound and vital. The next day clusters of vesicles appear on one half of…
- Oral medicine and oral cancer: radiation mucositis · ApplicationIn the second week of radiotherapy for oral cancer, a patient has painful confluent erythema and ulceration of the buccal mucosa. Which topical agent is commonly used f…
- Oral medicine and oral cancer: glossopharyngeal neuralgia · Multi-stepA 62-year-old has paroxysms of stabbing pain in the posterior tongue and tonsillar fossa, radiating to the ear and triggered by swallowing and yawning, with occasional…
- Oral medicine and oral cancer: candidal infections · ApplicationA 70-year-old woman who wears her upper denture day and night has a sharply outlined, red, mildly sore palatal mucosa under the denture. Scraping yields yeast hyphae. W…
- Oral medicine and oral cancer: recurrent aphthous ulceration · ApplicationA 25-year-old has recurrent oral ulcers larger than 1 cm that last for weeks and heal with scarring. They are most frequent on the soft palate and lips. Which variant o…
- Oral medicine and oral cancer: pigmented lesions · ApplicationA 62-year-old has an enlarging, irregular, black-brown pigmented patch on the hard palate with a nodular centre. Which malignancy is most likely?
- Oral medicine and oral cancer: HIV-related lesions · ApplicationA 32-year-old man with HIV infection has a flat, painless, purple-red macule on the hard palate that has become nodular. Biopsy shows spindle cells and slit-like vascul…
- Oral medicine and oral cancer: HPV-related lesions · ApplicationAn 8-year-old from a rural community has multiple soft, pale, flat-topped papules on the lower lip and buccal mucosa, which regress after months. Which virus is respons…
- Oral medicine and oral cancer: pigmented lesions · ApplicationA 50-year-old has a flat, grey-blue, painless 4 mm macule on the gingiva next to a tooth with an old silver restoration. It has not changed in 3 years. A radiograph sho…
- Oral medicine and oral cancer: nutritional lesions · ApplicationA 40-year-old woman with menorrhagia has fissures at the corners of the mouth, a smooth sore tongue and koilonychia. Which underlying deficiency should be sought?
- Oral medicine and oral cancer: glossitis · ApplicationA 55-year-old vegetarian has a smooth, beefy-red, painful tongue, paraesthesia of the feet and a macrocytic anaemia. Which investigation is most useful next?
- Oral medicine and oral cancer: orofacial granulomatosis · Multi-stepA 30-year-old has recurrent episodes of lip swelling, a deeply fissured tongue and a lower motor neuron facial palsy. Which syndrome is this?
- Oral medicine and oral cancer: viral infections with facial palsy · Multi-stepA 55-year-old has severe ear pain, a vesicular rash in the external ear canal and on the soft palate, vertigo and a unilateral lower motor neuron facial palsy. Which or…
- Oral medicine and oral cancer: biopsy technique · ApplicationA 55-year-old tobacco chewer has a 1.5 cm indurated ulcer on the lateral tongue that has not healed for 4 weeks. What is the best next step?
- Oral medicine and oral cancer: potentially malignant disorders · ApplicationA 55-year-old woman with bilateral reticular white striae of the buccal mucosa now has a painful red, eroded area with surrounding striae. Which type of lichen planus c…
- Oral medicine and oral cancer: oral submucous fibrosis · ApplicationA 28-year-old man with oral submucous fibrosis has 25 mm mouth opening and burning on eating spicy food. Which advice is the cornerstone of management?
- Oral medicine and oral cancer: palatal lesions · ApplicationA 55-year-old pipe smoker has a thickened, grey-white palate with numerous small red dots at the centre of nodules. What does the red dot represent?
- Oral medicine and oral cancer: opportunistic fungal infection · Multi-stepA 55-year-old with poorly controlled diabetic ketoacidosis has facial pain, nasal discharge and a black necrotic ulcer on the hard palate that does not blanch. Which is…
- Oral medicine and oral cancer: chronic ulcers · Multi-stepA 40-year-old with a chronic cough and weight loss has a painless, irregular, shallow ulcer on the dorsum of the tongue. Biopsy shows granulomas with caseation. Which t…
- Oral medicine and oral cancer: mucous patches of secondary syphilis · ApplicationA 24-year-old man has a sore throat, a coppery maculopapular rash involving the palms and soles, and painless greyish-white erosions with a pink halo on the buccal muco…
- Oral medicine and oral cancer: hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia · ApplicationA 35-year-old woman has recurrent epistaxis and small red-purple blanching spots on the lips and tongue. Her father had similar spots and gastrointestinal bleeding. Wha…
- Oral medicine and oral cancer: Lugol iodine staining · ApplicationDuring screening of a tobacco chewer, the clinician paints the buccal mucosa with Lugol iodine. Normal mucosa stains brown but one patch stays unstained and is chosen f…
- Oral medicine and oral cancer: proliferative verrucous leukoplakia · Multi-stepA 68-year-old non-smoking woman has multifocal white warty plaques on the gingiva and buccal mucosa that have slowly spread over years and returned after each excision.…
- Oral medicine and oral cancer: actinic cheilitis · ApplicationA 62-year-old farmer has a scaly, atrophic lower lip with loss of the sharp line between vermilion and skin and a small non-healing crust. Which condition is this, and…
- Oral medicine and oral cancer: numb chin syndrome · Multi-stepA woman treated for breast cancer reports numbness of the left lower lip and chin. Teeth are sound and there is no swelling or infection. What is the most important con…
- Oral medicine and oral cancer: uveoparotid fever · Multi-stepA 30-year-old woman has bilateral painless parotid enlargement, anterior uveitis, low-grade fever and a lower motor neuron facial palsy. Which systemic disease explains…
- Oral medicine and oral cancer: giant cell arteritis with jaw claudication · Multi-stepA 70-year-old woman has a new temporal headache, pain in the jaw while chewing, scalp tenderness and an ESR of 95 mm in the first hour. What is the most appropriate imm…
- Oral medicine and oral cancer: Eagle syndrome · Multi-stepA 45-year-old man has unilateral throat pain on swallowing and turning his head, with a foreign body sensation in the throat. A panoramic radiograph shows a long thin r…
- Oral medicine and oral cancer: commando operation · ApplicationA patient with carcinoma of the floor of the mouth infiltrating the adjacent mandible is planned for a commando operation. Which components does this operation include?
- Oral medicine and oral cancer: lymphatic drainage of the tongue tip · ApplicationWhich lymph node group receives lymph directly from the tip of the tongue, with drainage that crosses the midline?
- Oral medicine and oral cancer: rhino-orbital mucormycosis · Multi-stepA diabetic patient in ketoacidosis has fever, facial pain and a black necrotic ulcer on the hard palate. KOH preparation shows broad, ribbon-like, non-septate hyphae br…
- Oral medicine and oral cancer: mucous membrane pemphigoid · Multi-stepA 70-year-old woman has desquamative gingivitis and a gritty red eye with early conjunctival scarring. Biopsy shows a subepithelial split, and direct immunofluorescence…
- Oral medicine and oral cancer: erythema multiforme · ApplicationA young man develops painful haemorrhagic, crusted lips and widespread oral erosions a week after a cold sore. He also has target-shaped lesions on the palms. What is t…
- Oral medicine and oral cancer: tertiary syphilis of the palate · ApplicationA man who never received treatment for an infection acquired years ago has a painless, necrotic destructive lesion in the midline of the hard palate that has perforated…
- Oral medicine and oral cancer: immunofluorescence patterns · Multi-stepA woman has white radiating striae with central atrophic erythema on the buccal mucosa and a facial rash. Direct immunofluorescence shows granular deposits of IgG, IgM…
- Oral medicine and oral cancer: adjuvant therapy with extracapsular spread · Multi-stepA man undergoes resection and neck dissection for a buccal mucosa carcinoma. Histology shows extracapsular extension of nodal disease with close margins. Which adjuvant…
- Oral medicine and oral cancer: modified radical neck dissection · ApplicationA neck dissection clears levels I to V but preserves the spinal accessory nerve, internal jugular vein and sternocleidomastoid. Which operation is this?
- Oral medicine and oral cancer: leukoedema · ApplicationA dark-skinned smoker has a bilateral milky-grey film on the buccal mucosa that fades when the cheek is stretched and cannot be scraped off. What is it?
- Oral medicine and oral cancer: white sponge nevus genetics · Multi-stepA teenager has thick, folded, asymptomatic white plaques on both buccal mucosae since childhood, and a parent has similar lesions. Biopsy shows spongy acanthosis with v…
- Oral medicine and oral cancer: pigmentation in adrenal insufficiency · ApplicationA tired woman has hypotension, weight loss, and brown patches on the buccal mucosa and gingiva along with dark palmar creases. What causes the pigmentation?
- Oral medicine and oral cancer: dyskeratosis congenita · Multi-stepA boy has nail dystrophy, reticulate hyperpigmentation of the neck and chest, leukoplakia of the tongue and progressive pancytopenia. Which basic defect underlies this…
- Oral medicine and oral cancer: field cancerisation · ApplicationA man treated for an early tongue carcinoma with clear margins develops a new carcinoma on the floor of the mouth four years later, with a different histological patter…
- Oral medicine and oral cancer: lichen planus association · ApplicationA woman has bilateral reticular white striae with a few erosions on the buccal mucosa. Which infection is worth testing for in this setting?
- Oral medicine and oral cancer: scarlet fever tongue · ApplicationA 7-year-old has a sore throat, a fine sandpaper-textured rash and a white-coated tongue with prominent red papillae. Which organism is responsible?
- Oral medicine and oral cancer: coeliac disease and enamel · ApplicationA child with iron-deficiency anaemia, chronic diarrhoea and recurrent aphthae has symmetrical enamel defects of the permanent teeth. Which investigation is the most use…
- Oral medicine and oral cancer: carbamazepine and HLA screening · ApplicationA man of Southeast Asian ancestry is to start carbamazepine for trigeminal neuralgia. Screening for which allele reduces the risk of a severe cutaneous reaction?
- Oral medicine and oral cancer: elective neck dissection · Multi-stepA man has a 2.5 cm carcinoma of the lateral tongue with 8 mm depth of invasion and a clinically negative neck on CT and ultrasound. How should the neck be managed?
- Oral medicine and oral cancer: T4a oral cavity carcinoma · Multi-stepUnder the AJCC 8th edition, a carcinoma of the lower alveolus invades through the cortical bone of the mandible but does not reach the masticator space. Which T categor…
- Oral medicine and oral cancer: recurrent herpes labialis · ApplicationA man has recurrent crops of vesicles on the vermilion border of the lip after sun exposure. Where does the causative virus lie dormant between attacks?
Oral pathology65
- Oral pathology: odontogenic keratocyst · ApplicationA young man has multiple jaw cysts, palmar pits, bifid ribs and several basal cell carcinomas. Which jaw lesion is characteristic of this syndrome?
- Oral pathology: ameloblastoma · ApplicationA 35-year-old has a slowly growing painless swelling of the mandibular angle. Radiograph shows a multilocular soap-bubble radiolucency with root resorption. What is the…
- Oral pathology: dentigerous cyst · ApplicationA teenager has a unilocular radiolucency enclosing the crown of an unerupted mandibular third molar, attached at the cementoenamel junction. What is the diagnosis?
- Oral pathology: ameloblastoma histology · Multi-stepBiopsy of a jaw tumour shows islands with peripheral columnar cells whose nuclei lie away from the basement membrane (reverse polarity) around stellate-reticulum-like c…
- Oral pathology: Pindborg tumour · ApplicationA jaw tumour shows sheets of polyhedral epithelial cells with prominent intercellular bridges, amyloid-like material and concentric Liesegang-ring calcifications. What…
- Oral pathology: McCune-Albright syndrome · ApplicationA girl has precocious puberty, cafe-au-lait macules and facial asymmetry with a ground-glass jaw lesion. Which gene is mutated?
- Oral pathology: adenomatoid odontogenic tumour · ApplicationA teenage girl has a well-defined radiolucency around an unerupted maxillary canine, extending along the root and containing tiny radiopaque flecks. What is the most li…
- Oral pathology: cherubism · Multi-stepA 4-year-old boy has painless symmetrical swelling of both mandibular angles and an upturned gaze with scleral show. Radiographs show bilateral multilocular lesions. Wh…
- Oral pathology: calcifying odontogenic cyst · ApplicationA jaw cyst shows ameloblast-like lining cells with ghost cells and calcifications. What is it?
- Oral pathology: ranula · ApplicationA child has a bluish translucent fluctuant swelling lateral to the frenulum in the floor of the mouth. What is the likely lesion?
- Oral pathology: pleomorphic adenoma · ApplicationA 40-year-old woman has a painless, slowly growing mobile mass in the parotid for years. What is the most likely tumour?
- Oral pathology: Warthin tumour · Multi-stepAn elderly male smoker has bilateral soft cystic parotid swellings showing increased uptake on technetium-99m pertechnetate scan. What is the likely diagnosis?
- Oral pathology: nasopalatine duct cyst · ApplicationA 40-year-old has an asymptomatic heart-shaped radiolucency in the anterior midline of the maxilla between the roots of vital central incisors. What is the most likely…
- Oral pathology: odontogenic myxoma · Multi-stepA radiograph of a 25-year-old shows a multilocular radiolucency in the mandible with fine straight septa at right angles, resembling a tennis racket. Histology would sh…
- Oral pathology: cementoblastoma · Multi-stepA teenager has pain and swelling near a mandibular first molar. A radiograph shows a dense radiopaque mass fused to the root, surrounded by a thin radiolucent rim. What…
- Oral pathology: giant cell lesions · ApplicationA jaw lesion removed from a 45-year-old woman shows multinucleated giant cells in a vascular stroma. Which blood test is most important before labelling it a central gi…
- Oral pathology: mucoepidermoid carcinoma · ApplicationA 35-year-old has a slowly growing firm swelling of the parotid. Histology shows mucous, epidermoid and intermediate cells. Which tumour is this?
- Oral pathology: adenoid cystic carcinoma · ApplicationA palatal salivary tumour shows cribriform Swiss cheese growth. The patient has facial pain, and later lung metastases appear years after surgery. Which feature is most…
- Oral pathology: cysts and odontogenic tumours: ossifying fibroma · Multi-stepA 28-year-old woman has slow painless expansion of the mandible in the premolar region. A radiograph shows a well-defined, corticated lesion with a mixed radiolucent an…
- Oral pathology: cysts and odontogenic tumours: peripheral ossifying fibroma · ApplicationA 22-year-old has a firm pink nodule arising from the interdental papilla between two upper incisors. Histology shows cellular fibrous tissue containing trabeculae of w…
- Oral pathology: cysts and odontogenic tumours: investigation of a parotid lump · Multi-stepA 50-year-old has a slowly enlarging, firm, mobile 3-cm lump in the tail of the right parotid gland with intact facial nerve function. What is the best initial investig…
- Oral pathology: cysts and odontogenic tumours: central haemangioma of the jaw · ApplicationA 16-year-old has profuse bleeding around the gingival margin of a mobile lower molar, a palpable pulsation over the mandible and a honeycomb radiolucency. What should…
- Oral pathology: cysts and odontogenic tumours: granular cell tumour · ApplicationA 35-year-old has a painless firm 1-cm nodule on the dorsum of the tongue. Histology shows large polygonal cells with granular eosinophilic cytoplasm, S-100 positivity…
- Oral pathology: cysts and odontogenic tumours: osteosarcoma of the jaw · Multi-stepA 24-year-old has swelling of the mandible and numbness of the lower lip. Intraoral films show symmetric widening of the periodontal ligament space around several teeth…
- Oral pathology: cysts and odontogenic tumours: lesions mimicking carcinoma · Multi-stepA 45-year-old smoker develops a painless crater-like ulcer on the posterior hard palate 2 weeks after a palatal anaesthetic injection and dental surgery. Biopsy shows l…
- Oral pathology: cysts and odontogenic tumours: ameloblastoma management · Multi-stepA biopsy confirms a conventional multilocular ameloblastoma of the mandibular body in a 35-year-old. Which treatment gives the lowest recurrence?
- Oral pathology: cysts and odontogenic tumours: jaw changes in haemoglobinopathy · ApplicationA 12-year-old with severe beta thalassaemia major has a prominent maxilla, protruding upper incisors and spaced teeth. Which mechanism explains the facial change?
- Oral pathology: cysts and odontogenic tumours: Langerhans cell histiocytosis · Multi-stepA 3-year-old child has loose teeth that seem to float, gingival ulceration and punched-out radiolucencies of the alveolar bone. Biopsy shows cells with Birbeck granules…
- Oral pathology: cysts and odontogenic tumours: epulis fissuratum · ApplicationAn edentulous patient has painless, folded redundant tissue in the vestibule along the border of a poorly fitting denture. What is the lesion and its treatment?
- Oral pathology: cysts and odontogenic tumours: congenital epulis · Multi-stepA newborn girl has a pink, smooth, pedunculated mass on the maxillary alveolar ridge that interferes with feeding. Histology shows large polygonal cells with granular e…
- Oral pathology: cysts and odontogenic tumours: glandular odontogenic cyst · Multi-stepA 50-year-old man has a slowly growing multilocular radiolucency in the anterior mandible crossing the midline. Histology shows cuboidal cells with mucous cells and cil…
- Oral pathology: cysts and odontogenic tumours: PTCH1 gene · ApplicationA man has multiple jaw keratocysts, multiple basal cell carcinomas, palmar pits and bifid ribs. This autosomal dominant syndrome is caused by mutation of which tumour s…
- Oral pathology: cysts and odontogenic tumours: keratocyst histology · ApplicationHistology of a jaw cyst shows a thin lining of 6 to 10 cell layers with a corrugated parakeratinised surface and palisaded, hyperchromatic basal cells over a flat epith…
- Oral pathology: cysts and odontogenic tumours: adjunct in keratocyst surgery · Multi-stepA 28-year-old has a large keratocyst in the mandibular ramus that recurred after simple enucleation. At re-operation, which adjunct is applied to the bony cavity to che…
- Oral pathology: cysts and odontogenic tumours: growth pattern of keratocyst · Multi-stepA panoramic film of a 30-year-old shows a 6 cm radiolucency running from the mandibular angle up the ramus, with scalloped margins and little buccolingual expansion. As…
- Oral pathology: cysts and odontogenic tumours: managing a large dentigerous cyst in a child · Multi-stepA 9-year-old has a large dentigerous cyst around an unerupted mandibular second premolar, thinning the lower border of the mandible. The aim is to reduce the lesion and…
- Oral pathology: cysts and odontogenic tumours: transformation of dentigerous cyst · ApplicationThe lining of a long-standing dentigerous cyst can rarely undergo neoplastic change. Into which tumour does it most commonly transform?
- Oral pathology: cysts and odontogenic tumours: Rushton bodies · ApplicationHistology of the epithelial lining of a cyst at the apex of a non-vital tooth shows linear and curved eosinophilic hyaline bodies within the epithelium. What are these?
- Oral pathology: cysts and odontogenic tumours: residual cyst · ApplicationA 55-year-old has a round, well-defined radiolucency in an edentulous area of the mandible where a non-vital molar was extracted 3 years ago, without curettage of the s…
- Oral pathology: cysts and odontogenic tumours: periapical granuloma · ApplicationA non-vital tooth is extracted with a soft tissue mass at the root tip. Histology shows granulation tissue with lymphocytes and plasma cells and proliferating epithelia…
- Oral pathology: cysts and odontogenic tumours: paradental cyst · Multi-stepA 25-year-old has recurrent pericoronitis around a partially erupted mandibular third molar that is vital. A radiograph shows a radiolucency along the distal and buccal…
- Oral pathology: cysts and odontogenic tumours: lateral periodontal cyst histology · Multi-stepA 45-year-old has a 7 mm well-circumscribed radiolucency between the roots of vital mandibular canine and first premolar. Histology of the removed cyst shows a thin lin…
- Oral pathology: cysts and odontogenic tumours: botryoid odontogenic cyst · Multi-stepA biopsy of a multilocular lateral radiolucency beside the roots of a mandibular canine shows a cluster of small cysts like a bunch of grapes, with the histology of a l…
- Oral pathology: cysts and odontogenic tumours: nasolabial cyst · Multi-stepA 40-year-old woman has a painless swelling of the upper lip lateral to the midline that lifts the ala of the nose and fills the nasal vestibule floor. Neighbouring tee…
- Oral pathology: cysts and odontogenic tumours: simple bone cyst · Multi-stepA 14-year-old has an incidental radiolucency in the mandibular body that scallops upward between the roots of vital teeth without displacing them. What is the most like…
- Oral pathology: cysts and odontogenic tumours: aneurysmal bone cyst · Multi-stepA 14-year-old has rapid painless expansion of the posterior mandible, and needle aspiration returns blood under pressure. Histology shows blood-filled spaces separated…
- Oral pathology: cysts and odontogenic tumours: BRAF mutation in ameloblastoma · Multi-stepA recurrent conventional ameloblastoma of the mandible is tested for molecular alterations. A MAPK pathway driver that can be targeted with vemurafenib or dabrafenib is…
- Oral pathology: cysts and odontogenic tumours: unicystic ameloblastoma · Multi-stepA 20-year-old has a unilocular lesion around an unerupted mandibular third molar. Histology after enucleation shows a cyst lined by ameloblastic epithelium confined to…
- Oral pathology: cysts and odontogenic tumours: acanthomatous ameloblastoma · ApplicationA jaw tumour shows ameloblastoma islands in which the central stellate reticulum-like cells have undergone squamous metaplasia with keratin formation. Which histologica…
- Oral pathology: cysts and odontogenic tumours: desmoplastic ameloblastoma · Multi-stepA 40-year-old has a slowly growing lesion in the anterior mandible. The radiograph shows a mixed radiolucent and radiopaque area with ill-defined margins that resembles…
- Oral pathology: cysts and odontogenic tumours: ameloblastic fibroma · Multi-stepA 10-year-old has a well-defined radiolucency in the posterior mandible. Histology shows strands and islands of epithelium resembling dental lamina in a cellular, primi…
- Oral pathology: cysts and odontogenic tumours: metastasising ameloblastoma · Multi-stepA man treated for a mandibular ameloblastoma develops lung nodules 8 years later. Both the primary lesion and the lung deposits show bland ameloblastoma histology witho…
- Oral pathology: cysts and odontogenic tumours: periapical cemento-osseous dysplasia · Multi-stepA 50-year-old woman has asymptomatic radiolucencies at the apices of three mandibular incisors found on a routine film. All three teeth respond normally to pulp testing…
- Oral pathology: cysts and odontogenic tumours: adenomatoid odontogenic tumour management · ApplicationHistology of a well-encapsulated lesion around an unerupted maxillary canine shows duct-like structures lined by columnar cells, rosettes of spindle cells and eosinophi…
- Oral pathology: cysts and odontogenic tumours: ghost cells and pilomatrixoma · ApplicationGhost cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm and no nuclei are seen in the calcifying odontogenic cyst. The same cells are characteristic of which cutaneous tumour?
- Oral pathology: cysts and odontogenic tumours: denosumab in giant cell lesions · ApplicationA 15-year-old has a large recurrent central giant cell lesion of the mandible where further surgery would be mutilating. Which systemic agent that neutralises RANK liga…
- Oral pathology: cysts and odontogenic tumours: amyloid in Pindborg tumour · ApplicationSections of a calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumour contain homogeneous eosinophilic extracellular material thought to be amyloid-like. Which stain shows apple-green…
- Oral pathology: cysts and odontogenic tumours: maxillary ameloblastoma · ApplicationCompared with a mandibular lesion of the same size, why is a maxillary ameloblastoma more dangerous?
- Oral pathology: cysts and odontogenic tumours: recurrence of odontogenic myxoma · ApplicationWhy does an odontogenic myxoma often recur after simple curettage?
- Oral pathology: cysts and odontogenic tumours: floor of mouth dermoid cyst · Multi-stepA 20-year-old has a painless midline floor-of-mouth swelling that feels doughy and retains finger indentation. It raises the tongue and the patient notes it slowly enla…
- Oral pathology · ApplicationWhich lesion is a common potentially malignant disorder of oral mucosa?
- Oral pathology · ApplicationWhat is the most important risk factor for oral squamous cell carcinoma?
- Oral pathology · ApplicationWhich lesion is a potentially malignant oral disorder?
- Oral pathology · ApplicationWhat is a major risk factor for oral squamous cell carcinoma?
- Oral pathology: dental caries · ApplicationWhich bacterial feature most directly contributes to enamel caries after frequent sucrose exposure?
Community dentistry49
- Community dentistry: DMFT index · ApplicationIn a school survey, the DMFT index is used. What does it measure?
- Community dentistry: CPI code 3 · ApplicationIn the WHO Community Periodontal Index, a score of 3 for a sextant corresponds to which finding?
- Community dentistry: pit and fissure sealants · ApplicationWhich measure is most effective for preventing occlusal caries in newly erupted permanent molars?
- Community dentistry: index ages · Multi-stepWHO surveys use specific index ages for oral health data. Which age is the global index age for monitoring caries in children?
- Community dentistry: Dean's fluorosis index · ApplicationWhich index is used for community surveys of dental fluorosis, from normal to severe?
- Community dentistry: defluoridation · ApplicationWhich technique is widely used in India for domestic and community defluoridation of water?
- Community dentistry: OHI-S · ApplicationThe simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S) of Greene and Vermillion records which two components?
- Community dentistry: levels of prevention · Multi-stepIn the levels of prevention, where does topical fluoride application to healthy teeth belong?
- Community dentistry: action of fluoride · ApplicationWhat is the main cariostatic action of topical fluoride?
- Community dentistry: Vipeholm study · ApplicationThe Vipeholm study concluded that caries risk was most increased by which sugar pattern?
- Community dentistry: gingival index · ApplicationThe Loe and Silness gingival index, scored 0 to 3, records what?
- Community dentistry: fluoride toxicity · Multi-stepWhat is the commonly cited probable toxic dose of fluoride, above which a child needs urgent treatment?
- Community dentistry: fluoride toothpaste strength · ApplicationA paediatric dentist counsels parents on toothpaste for an adult. What concentration of fluoride do standard adult toothpastes contain?
- Community dentistry: salt fluoridation · ApplicationA country with scattered communities and no central water supply wants a community-wide fluoride measure. Which alternative to water fluoridation is practical?
- Community dentistry: skeletal fluorosis · ApplicationA farmer from an endemic area with drinking water containing 6 ppm fluoride has back stiffness, bony exostoses and genu valgum. What is the diagnosis?
- Community dentistry: Indian water fluoride limit · ApplicationAccording to the Bureau of Indian Standards, what is the desirable limit of fluoride in drinking water, with the maximum permissible limit when no alternative source ex…
- Community dentistry: periodontal disease in India · ApplicationIn national oral health surveys in India, which periodontal finding is the commonest at adult ages?
- Community dentistry: xylitol · ApplicationA school programme gives chewing gum to reduce caries. Which sweetener reduces Streptococcus mutans because it cannot be fermented?
- Community dentistry: chlorhexidine · ApplicationA patient uses a mouthwash for 3 weeks after periodontal surgery and complains of brown staining of the teeth and altered taste. Which agent is likely?
- Community dentistry: toothpaste ingredients · ApplicationWhich ingredient of toothpaste is the foaming detergent?
- Community dentistry: interdental cleaning · Multi-stepA patient with large embrasures after periodontal therapy is advised which aid for cleaning the proximal surfaces?
- Community dentistry: atraumatic restorative treatment · ApplicationIn a village school without electricity, a child's cavity is cleaned with hand instruments and filled with glass ionomer. What is this approach?
- Community dentistry: silver diamine fluoride · ApplicationA 3-year-old with multiple cavitated lesions cannot cooperate for drilling. Which agent can arrest the caries, at the cost of black staining of the lesions?
- Community dentistry: root caries in older adults · ApplicationAn 75-year-old on antihypertensives with dry mouth and gingival recession has soft brown lesions at the necks of many teeth. Which is the likely cause?
- Community dentistry: plaque index · ApplicationAn examiner scores plaque on four surfaces of each tooth by running a probe along the gingival margin and noting the presence and thickness of soft deposit, without a d…
- Community dentistry: caries increment · ApplicationIn a school survey, the mean DMFT of 12-year-olds was 1.8 at baseline and 2.6 in the same children two years later. What does the difference of 0.8 represent?
- Community dentistry: tobacco cessation in the dental clinic · ApplicationA dentist notes that a patient chews tobacco, asks whether he wants to quit, advises him to do so, assesses his readiness, and offers help and follow-up. Which framewor…
- Community dentistry: dental unit waterlines · ApplicationCultures of water from a dental unit's handpiece lines show high bacterial counts after the weekend. What best explains this?
- Community dentistry: fluorosis from toothpaste swallowing · ApplicationA mother lets her 3-year-old use a full ribbon of fluoride toothpaste and swallow the excess. Which long-term effect is the child at risk of?
- Community dentistry: indices · ApplicationA researcher wants to measure plaque by running a probe along the gingival third of each tooth surface, scoring 0 to 3 according to the thickness of the plaque film. Wh…
- Community dentistry: periodontal treatment needs · ApplicationIn a community survey using CPITN, a sextant is scored 4, with a pocket of 6 mm or deeper. What treatment need is assigned?
- Community dentistry: tobacco habits · ApplicationIn coastal Andhra Pradesh, women who smoke the lit end of a cigar inside the mouth have white and red palatal lesions and a high rate of palatal cancer. What is the hab…
- Community dentistry: Significant Caries Index · Multi-stepA national survey finds a low mean DMFT but a few children carry most of the disease. Which index highlights this skewed distribution?
- Community dentistry: school fluoride mouthrinse · ApplicationA school-based caries prevention programme uses a weekly supervised fluoride mouthrinse. Which concentration is used for the weekly rinse?
- Community dentistry: Hopewood House study · ApplicationIn the Hopewood House study of children in Australia, low caries was associated with a diet low in refined sugar and high in unrefined foods. What happened when the chi…
- Community dentistry: dentine desensitising toothpaste · ApplicationA patient with dentine hypersensitivity is prescribed a toothpaste whose active ingredient diffuses along dentinal tubules and depolarises pulpal nerve endings. Which i…
- Community dentistry: climate and optimal fluoride level · ApplicationWhy is the recommended optimal fluoride concentration in drinking water set lower in hot regions than in cool ones?
- Community dentistry: CPI code 2 · ApplicationIn a WHO periodontal survey using the community periodontal index probe, subgingival calculus is felt and the black band is fully visible. What score is recorded for th…
- Community dentistry: calculating DMFT · ApplicationA 12-year-old has two teeth with active decay, one tooth extracted because of caries, three teeth with fillings, and one tooth extracted for orthodontic reasons. What i…
- Community dentistry: examiner calibration · ApplicationBefore a caries prevalence survey, two examiners score the same 20 children independently. Which statistic measures their agreement beyond that expected by chance?
- Community dentistry: Knutson technique · ApplicationA preventive programme applies 2 percent sodium fluoride to the teeth after prophylaxis, in a series of four weekly visits, repeated at intervals during childhood. Whic…
- Community dentistry: biological monitoring of autoclaves · ApplicationWhich organism's spores are used as the biological indicator for monitoring steam autoclave sterilisation in a dental clinic?
- Community dentistry: Spaulding classification of handpieces · ApplicationAccording to the Spaulding classification, how are dental handpieces that contact mucous membranes but do not penetrate soft tissue or bone categorised?
- Community dentistry: needlestick injury after hepatitis B exposure · Multi-stepAn unvaccinated dental student sustains a needlestick injury from a patient who is HBsAg positive. What is the most appropriate management?
- Community dentistry: glove dermatitis mechanisms · Multi-stepA dentist develops itchy, scaly, vesicular dermatitis on both hands 24 to 48 hours after glove use, and a patch test is positive to thiuram. What is the mechanism?
- Community dentistry: mercury spill · ApplicationA few droplets of mercury are spilled on the operatory floor. Which response is correct?
- Community dentistry: chlorhexidine and toothpaste detergent · Multi-stepA patient rinses with chlorhexidine immediately after brushing and the antiplaque effect is much reduced. What is the most likely reason?
- Community dentistry: oral cancer screening · ApplicationA large trial in Kerala evaluated screening for oral cancer among tobacco and alcohol users. Which screening method reduced mortality in this high-risk group?
- Community dentistry: ICDAS code 4 · ApplicationUnder the International Caries Detection and Assessment System, an underlying dark shadow from dentine is seen, with or without localised enamel breakdown. Which code i…
Orthodontics and paediatric dentistry48
- Orthodontics and paediatric dentistry: teething · ApplicationA mother says her 8-month-old has a fever of 39.5 C and loose stools, and the gum over the lower incisors looks red and swollen. What is the appropriate advice?
- Orthodontics and paediatric dentistry: orofacial signs of child abuse · Multi-stepA 10-month-old who cannot yet walk has a torn upper labial frenum and bruises on the cheeks. The parents say he fell from a sofa. What is the best next action?
- Orthodontics and paediatric dentistry: root fracture · ApplicationA 10-year-old's maxillary central incisor, struck 2 days ago, is slightly mobile and displaced, and a radiograph shows a horizontal fracture of the middle third of the…
- Orthodontics and paediatric dentistry: deep overbite · ApplicationWhich appliance helps correct a deep overbite by allowing the posterior teeth to erupt?
- Orthodontics and paediatric dentistry: indirect pulp treatment · ApplicationA 6-year-old has a deep occlusal lesion in a lower first primary molar with brief pain to cold, no spontaneous pain and no periapical change. What treatment is best?
- Orthodontics and paediatric dentistry: mouth breathing · ApplicationA 9-year-old with enlarged adenoids breathes through the mouth constantly, with a long narrow face and a narrow high-arched palate. What mandibular change typically res…
- Orthodontics and paediatric dentistry: abscess pattern in primary molars · Multi-stepAn 8-year-old has a gum swelling and sinus beside a lower second primary molar. The radiograph shows radiolucency in the furcation rather than at the apices. Why?
- Orthodontics and paediatric dentistry: archwires · ApplicationAt the start of fixed appliance treatment, a patient with severe crowding is given a nickel-titanium round archwire. Which property explains this choice?
- Orthodontics and paediatric dentistry: oral habits · ApplicationA 9-year-old pushes the tongue forward between the teeth when swallowing. Which malocclusion is most likely to result?
- Orthodontics and paediatric dentistry: sedation in children · ApplicationA child is given nitrous oxide and oxygen for dental anxiety. At the end of the procedure, what should be done to prevent diffusion hypoxia?
- Orthodontics and paediatric dentistry: dental trauma sequelae · ApplicationSix years after an upper incisor was replanted late following avulsion, the tooth is immobile and produces a high, metallic sound on percussion. Radiographs show loss o…
- Orthodontics and paediatric dentistry: behaviour management · ApplicationA 5-year-old cries throughout, refuses to enter the dental room and will not accept treatment even with reassurance. On the Frankl scale, which rating is this?
- Orthodontics and paediatric dentistry: space maintenance · Multi-stepA 5-year-old loses a primary second molar early, before the first permanent molar has erupted. Which appliance is indicated to guide the first permanent molar?
- Orthodontics and paediatric dentistry: dental trauma · ApplicationA 3-year-old has a primary incisor knocked out in a fall and brought to the clinic in milk. What is the correct management?
- Orthodontics and paediatric dentistry: retention · Multi-stepAfter correction of a rotated upper incisor, relapse is greatest. Which tissue is considered chiefly responsible for rotational relapse?
- Orthodontics and paediatric dentistry: lateral luxation of an incisor · Multi-stepAfter a fall, a child's permanent maxillary central incisor appears displaced palatally, is firmly fixed and gives a high metallic sound on percussion. Which injury is…
- Orthodontics and paediatric dentistry: Bolton analysis · ApplicationA patient has well-aligned arches, yet the upper and lower anterior teeth cannot achieve a normal overjet and overbite after treatment. Which analysis assesses this int…
- Orthodontics and paediatric dentistry: Scammon growth curves · ApplicationAccording to Scammon's growth curves, which curve do the brain and the cranial vault follow?
- Orthodontics and paediatric dentistry: condylar cartilage · ApplicationThe mandibular condylar cartilage is an important growth site. How does it differ from the epiphyseal cartilage of a long bone?
- Orthodontics and paediatric dentistry: functional matrix theory · ApplicationAccording to Moss's functional matrix theory, what drives growth of the skeletal units of the face?
- Orthodontics and paediatric dentistry: Wits appraisal · Multi-stepA patient's ANB angle is thought to be unreliable because of an unusual cranial base and jaw rotation. Which measurement of the anteroposterior jaw relationship avoids…
- Orthodontics and paediatric dentistry: Tweed triangle · ApplicationThe Tweed diagnostic triangle is used in cephalometric planning. Which three angles make up the triangle?
- Orthodontics and paediatric dentistry: Andrews six keys · ApplicationAndrews' six keys to normal occlusion describe features seen in a naturally ideal occlusion. Which of these is NOT one of the six keys?
- Orthodontics and paediatric dentistry: Veau classification · ApplicationIn the Veau classification of clefts, a complete unilateral cleft of the lip, alveolus and hard and soft palate is placed in which class?
- Orthodontics and paediatric dentistry: Tanaka-Johnston mixed dentition analysis · Multi-stepIn the Tanaka-Johnston mixed dentition analysis, the space needed for the unerupted mandibular canine and premolars on one side is estimated from which measurement?
- Orthodontics and paediatric dentistry: sesamoid and growth spurt · Multi-stepA 12-year-old girl is being considered for a functional appliance timed to her pubertal growth. A hand-wrist radiograph shows an ossified adductor sesamoid of the thumb…
- Orthodontics and paediatric dentistry: maxillary protraction · ApplicationAn 8-year-old has a retrusive maxilla with an anterior crossbite and a skeletal Class III pattern from midface deficiency. Which appliance is most suitable?
- Orthodontics and paediatric dentistry: lip bumper · ApplicationA 13-year-old has mild lower arch crowding and a strong lower lip that presses on the lower incisors and molars. Which appliance gains arch length by removing this pres…
- Orthodontics and paediatric dentistry: NSAIDs and tooth movement · Multi-stepA patient on long-term NSAIDs for arthritis shows slower than expected tooth movement with fixed appliances. What explains this?
- Orthodontics and paediatric dentistry: ectopic maxillary canine · Multi-stepAn 11-year-old has no palpable bulge for the upper canine, and the retained primary canine is firm. A radiograph shows the permanent canine crown overlapping the latera…
- Orthodontics and paediatric dentistry: Pont's index · ApplicationWhich analysis uses the sum of the widths of the four maxillary incisors to predict the ideal transverse widths in the premolar and molar regions?
- Orthodontics and paediatric dentistry: Little's irregularity index · ApplicationA researcher wants a numerical measure of mandibular anterior crowding by adding the displacement of each adjacent contact point from canine to canine. Which index is t…
- Orthodontics and paediatric dentistry: IOTN · ApplicationA treatment need index has a dental health component graded 1 to 5 and an aesthetic component judged with ten ranked photographs. Which index is this?
- Orthodontics and paediatric dentistry: functional posterior crossbite · Multi-stepAn 8-year-old has a unilateral posterior crossbite. At first contact the midlines coincide, but on full closure the lower midline shifts towards the crossbite side. Wha…
- Orthodontics and paediatric dentistry: pseudo Class III · Multi-stepA 9-year-old has an anterior crossbite. When guided into retruded contact position, the incisors meet edge to edge, and the face looks normal at rest. What is the diagn…
- Orthodontics and paediatric dentistry: single anterior crossbite appliance · ApplicationAn 8-year-old has a single upper central incisor locked lingual to the lower incisors, with enough space and adequate overbite. Which simple removable appliance correct…
- Orthodontics and paediatric dentistry: skeletal anchorage · ApplicationAn adult needs maximum retraction of the anterior teeth after premolar extraction, with no mesial movement of the molars. Which anchorage is most reliable?
- Orthodontics and paediatric dentistry: beta-titanium wire · ApplicationAn orthodontist needs a wire with lower stiffness than stainless steel that can still be formed into loops and can be welded. Which alloy is suitable?
- Orthodontics and paediatric dentistry: Wright's classification of behaviour · ApplicationA 2-year-old is unable to follow instructions or communicate at the dental chair because of age. How is the child classified by Wright's behaviour categories?
- Orthodontics and paediatric dentistry: modelling · ApplicationA nervous 5-year-old watches her cooperative older brother have a filling placed without distress, and then accepts treatment herself. Which behaviour management techni…
- Orthodontics and paediatric dentistry: primary eruption sequence · ApplicationIn the usual order of eruption of the primary dentition, which tooth erupts between the first primary molar and the second primary molar?
- Orthodontics and paediatric dentistry: lingual holding arch · ApplicationA 6-year-old has lost both mandibular primary second molars early to caries. The permanent lower incisors and first molars have already erupted. Which space maintainer…
- Orthodontics and paediatric dentistry: Hall technique · Multi-stepA 5-year-old has an asymptomatic, cavitated multi-surface carious primary molar with no signs of irreversible pulp involvement, and the child will not tolerate anaesthe…
- Orthodontics and paediatric dentistry: nasoalveolar moulding · ApplicationA newborn with a unilateral complete cleft lip and palate is fitted with a plate carrying a nasal stent for several weeks before surgery. What is the purpose of this na…
- Orthodontics and paediatric dentistry: PAR index · ApplicationA clinic wants to judge how much occlusal improvement was achieved by comparing weighted occlusal scores taken on study casts before and after treatment. Which index is…
- Orthodontics and paediatric dentistry: subluxation of a permanent incisor · ApplicationAfter a fall, a 9-year-old's upper central incisor is tender and slightly mobile, with bleeding from the gingival sulcus, but it is not displaced. What is this injury?
- Orthodontics and paediatric dentistry: nitrous oxide and nasal airway · ApplicationA 6-year-old with a cold and marked nasal blockage is scheduled for restorations under nitrous oxide-oxygen sedation. Why may sedation fail?
- Orthodontics and paediatric dentistry: nasal septum theory · ApplicationWhich structure does Scott's theory of craniofacial growth propose as the primary determinant of midfacial growth?
Caries, pulp and periodontal disease47
- Caries, pulp and periodontal disease: lactobacilli in caries · ApplicationIn a deep carious cavity, which organisms are mainly responsible for progression of the lesion through dentine?
- Caries, pulp and periodontal disease: white spot lesion · ApplicationA teenager with orthodontic brackets has chalky white opaque areas at the gingival side of the brackets. The enamel surface is intact. What is the best management?
- Caries, pulp and periodontal disease: critical pH · ApplicationBelow which approximate plaque pH does enamel begin to dissolve?
- Caries, pulp and periodontal disease: Stephan curve · Multi-stepA student plots plaque pH after a sucrose rinse and observes a rapid drop followed by slow recovery. Which statement about the curve is correct?
- Caries, pulp and periodontal disease: Black's class III · ApplicationA cavity is detected on the mesial surface of a maxillary central incisor, with the incisal angle intact. How is it classified?
- Caries, pulp and periodontal disease: pulp vitality tests · ApplicationA patient has a darkened upper incisor after a sports injury 2 years ago. Which test best checks if the pulp is alive?
- Caries, pulp and periodontal disease: acute apical abscess · ApplicationA man has severe throbbing toothache, facial swelling, fever, and a lower molar that is exquisitely tender to percussion and non-responsive to pulp tests. What is the m…
- Caries, pulp and periodontal disease: red complex · ApplicationA subgingival plaque sample from a 55-year-old with deep pockets is cultured. Which organism of the red complex is most strongly linked to chronic periodontitis?
- Caries, pulp and periodontal disease: diabetes and periodontitis · ApplicationA patient with poorly controlled diabetes has multiple periodontal abscesses and rapid bone loss. Which statement describes the relationship between the two conditions?
- Caries, pulp and periodontal disease: CPITN probe · ApplicationA community survey uses the WHO periodontal probe. Which feature describes this probe?
- Caries, pulp and periodontal disease: periodontal versus periapical abscess · Multi-stepA lower molar has a tender swelling at the lateral gingiva with a 8 mm pocket. The tooth responds normally to pulp testing, and a radiograph shows lateral bone loss onl…
- Caries, pulp and periodontal disease: radicular cyst · ApplicationA round, well-defined radiolucency attached to the apex of a non-vital upper lateral incisor is found. Which is the commonest odontogenic cyst and the likely diagnosis?
- Caries, pulp and periodontal disease: pulp polyp · ApplicationA 10-year-old has a fleshy, pink, insensitive tissue mass protruding from a large cavity in a first permanent molar. What is the diagnosis?
- Caries, pulp and periodontal disease: pericoronitis · ApplicationA 20-year-old has trismus, bad taste, and swollen painful gum over a partially erupted lower third molar. What is the diagnosis?
- Caries, pulp and periodontal disease: cracked tooth syndrome · Multi-stepA patient has sharp, brief pain on release of biting on a molar that shows no caries and normal radiographs. A bite stick placed on individual cusps reproduces the pain…
- Caries, pulp and periodontal disease: abrasion · ApplicationA 50-year-old right-handed man who brushes vigorously horizontally has V-shaped notches at the necks of left-sided upper premolars. What best describes this lesion?
- Caries, pulp and periodontal disease: dental erosion · ApplicationA 24-year-old woman with bulimia shows smooth glazed loss of enamel on the palatal surfaces of the upper incisors. What is this pattern called?
- Caries, pulp and periodontal disease: regenerative endodontics · Multi-stepA 9-year-old fell 2 months ago. The maxillary central incisor is now non-vital, with a wide open apex, thin walls and a periapical radiolucency. Which treatment allows…
- Caries, pulp and periodontal disease: combined endodontic-periodontal lesion · Multi-stepA 40-year-old has a lower molar with a deep, narrow, isolated 9-mm probing defect and a radiolucency from the furcation to the apex. The tooth does not respond to cold…
- Caries, pulp and periodontal disease: biologic width violation · Multi-stepSix months after a porcelain crown on a maxillary central incisor, the gingiva is persistently red and swollen despite good oral hygiene. A radiograph shows the crown m…
- Caries, pulp and periodontal disease: C-shaped canals · ApplicationOn a radiograph of a mandibular second molar, the roots appear fused and the canal orifice is a continuous ribbon-like arc rather than separate round openings. What is…
- Caries, pulp and periodontal disease: intrabony defects · ApplicationWhich kind of periodontal bone defect has the best prognosis for regeneration with a bone graft or guided tissue regeneration?
- Caries, pulp and periodontal disease: resorption · ApplicationRoutine radiographs of a traumatised, asymptomatic upper incisor show a round, well-defined enlargement of the pulp chamber. The crown looks pink through the enamel. Wh…
- Caries, pulp and periodontal disease: second mesiobuccal canal · ApplicationDuring root canal treatment of a maxillary first molar, only three canals are found, yet the mesiobuccal root remains symptomatic. Where should the clinician search for…
- Caries, pulp and periodontal disease: EDTA in endodontics · ApplicationDuring canal irrigation, 17 percent EDTA is used as a final rinse after sodium hypochlorite. What is its main purpose?
- Caries, pulp and periodontal disease: sodium hypochlorite accident · Multi-stepDuring irrigation of a maxillary premolar with sodium hypochlorite, the patient suddenly complains of severe pain, rapid facial swelling and bruising. Bleeding comes fr…
- Caries, pulp and periodontal disease: Miller classification of recession · ApplicationA patient has gingival recession on a mandibular canine that extends beyond the mucogingival junction. There is no loss of interdental bone or soft tissue. Which Miller…
- Caries, pulp and periodontal disease: guided tissue regeneration · ApplicationA barrier membrane is placed over an intrabony periodontal defect during flap surgery. What is its purpose?
- Caries, pulp and periodontal disease: occlusal trauma and periodontitis · Multi-stepA tooth with excessive occlusal force but healthy, plaque-free gingiva is examined. Which finding is expected?
- Caries, pulp and periodontal disease: subantimicrobial doxycycline · Multi-stepLow-dose doxycycline (20 mg twice daily) is used as an adjunct in periodontitis. Which action explains its effect at this dose?
- Caries, pulp and periodontal disease: laser fluorescence caries detection · ApplicationA laser fluorescence device is used to examine pits and fissures for hidden occlusal caries. How does it detect caries?
- Caries, pulp and periodontal disease: remineralising agents · ApplicationA paste containing casein phosphopeptide with amorphous calcium phosphate is advised for white spot lesions after orthodontic treatment. What is its action?
- Caries, pulp and periodontal disease: stages of gingivitis · Multi-stepIn the Page and Schroeder histopathological description of gingivitis, which cell predominates in the established lesion?
- Caries, pulp and periodontal disease: acute exacerbation of chronic apical periodontitis · ApplicationA patient with a known painless periapical radiolucency on a non-vital lower molar develops sudden severe pain, swelling and marked tenderness to percussion over two da…
- Caries, pulp and periodontal disease: vertical root fracture · Multi-stepA molar root-filled with a post three years ago now has a narrow, isolated deep probing defect on one root surface only, with normal probing on the adjacent surfaces. R…
- Caries, pulp and periodontal disease: peri-implantitis · ApplicationTwo years after an implant was placed, a patient has bleeding and pus on probing around it, deepened pockets and saucer-shaped crestal bone loss on a radiograph. The im…
- Caries, pulp and periodontal disease: hereditary gingival fibromatosis · ApplicationA 10-year-old has firm, pink, non-bleeding, generalised gingival overgrowth that partly covers the crowns. His father has a similar condition, and there is no drug hist…
- Caries, pulp and periodontal disease: indication for gingivectomy · ApplicationWhich clinical situation is best treated by gingivectomy?
- Caries, pulp and periodontal disease: modified Widman flap · ApplicationA periodontist performs a modified Widman flap on a moderate pocket. What is its main aim compared with a gingivectomy?
- Caries, pulp and periodontal disease: periodontal biotype and recession · ApplicationA young woman has a thin, scalloped gingival margin, triangular crowns and a narrow zone of keratinised tissue. She is about to start orthodontic proclination of the lo…
- Caries, pulp and periodontal disease: smoking masks gingival signs · ApplicationA heavy smoker has advanced radiographic bone loss but pale firm gingiva with little redness and minimal bleeding on probing. Which mechanism best explains the paucity…
- Caries, pulp and periodontal disease: pulp canal obliteration after trauma · Multi-stepA 12-year-old had a luxation injury to an upper central incisor two years ago. The crown has slowly turned yellow, and a radiograph shows a markedly narrowed canal with…
- Caries, pulp and periodontal disease: antimicrobial in necrotising gingivitis · ApplicationA young stressed smoker has painful, bleeding gingiva with punched-out papillae, a grey pseudomembrane, foul breath and low-grade fever. After local debridement, which…
- Caries, pulp and periodontal disease: plaque bridge organism · ApplicationIn the development of dental plaque, early colonisers such as Streptococcus sanguinis attach to the pellicle. Which Gram-negative organism acts as the bridge that allow…
- Caries, pulp and periodontal disease: tracing a sinus tract · ApplicationA patient has a persistent gum-level sinus tract near a lower molar and the source is not clear. What is the best way to identify the tooth responsible?
- Caries, pulp and periodontal disease: preventing radiation caries · ApplicationA man has just completed radiotherapy for a tonsillar tumour with both parotids in the field. He now has a dry mouth. What is the most effective measure to prevent ramp…
- Caries, pulp and periodontal disease: mouth-breathing gingivitis · ApplicationA 12-year-old with adenoid hypertrophy and habitual mouth breathing has a red, shiny, swollen labial gingiva in the upper anterior region, while the rest of the mouth l…
Orthodontics41
- Orthodontics: Angle Class II · ApplicationIn Angle Class II malocclusion, how is the permanent first molar relationship described?
- Orthodontics: Class II division 2 · Multi-stepA teenager has retroclined upper central incisors, mildly proclined laterals and a deep overbite, with a Class II molar relation. What is the diagnosis?
- Orthodontics: tooth movement biology · ApplicationDuring orthodontic tooth movement, what occurs on the pressure side of the periodontal ligament?
- Orthodontics: Angle Class III · ApplicationWhich molar relationship defines Angle Class III malocclusion?
- Orthodontics: overjet · ApplicationA boy has upper incisors that stand 8 mm in front of the lower incisors when in occlusion, and the lip is incompetent. Which term describes this horizontal distance?
- Orthodontics: functional appliances · ApplicationA 11-year-old at peak growth has a retrognathic mandible with Class II division 1 malocclusion. Which appliance modifies growth by posturing the mandible forward?
- Orthodontics: ideal orthodontic force · ApplicationA bracket is bonded to a canine and a very heavy archwire force is applied. What is the likely biological result?
- Orthodontics: band and loop space maintainer · ApplicationA 5-year-old loses a primary first molar prematurely to caries, with the permanent premolar far from eruption. What is the appropriate appliance?
- Orthodontics: stainless steel crown · ApplicationA 6-year-old has a primary first molar with extensive multi-surface caries after pulpotomy. Which restoration gives the best long-term result?
- Orthodontics: management of avulsed tooth · ApplicationA 9-year-old's permanent upper central incisor was knocked out 20 minutes ago and is clean. The child is at the scene with a teacher. What is the best immediate action?
- Orthodontics: Ellis classification · ApplicationA boy has fractured an upper incisor and a pink spot of pulp is visible in the dentine, with sensitivity to air. Which Ellis class is this?
- Orthodontics: cephalometric angles · Multi-stepA lateral cephalogram gives SNA of 82 degrees and SNB of 74 degrees. What is the skeletal pattern and ANB?
- Orthodontics: retention after treatment · ApplicationA girl's braces are removed after correction of crowding. Why is a retainer prescribed?
- Orthodontics: rapid maxillary expansion · Multi-stepA 10-year-old has a narrow maxilla with bilateral posterior crossbite and a midpalatal suture still open. Which treatment widens the arch?
- Orthodontics: extraoral traction · Multi-stepA growing child has a skeletal Class II pattern with a prognathic maxilla and normal mandible. Which appliance restrains maxillary growth?
- Orthodontics: leeway space · Multi-stepIn mixed dentition analysis, the sum of primary canine and molar widths exceeds that of their permanent successors in the lower arch. What is this extra space called?
- Orthodontics: ugly duckling stage · ApplicationA 9-year-old has a midline diastema with flared upper lateral incisors as the canines are about to erupt. Parents are worried, and the child is otherwise healthy. What…
- Orthodontics: pulpectomy in primary teeth · ApplicationA 5-year-old has a non-vital primary molar with a sinus tract and roots that are not extensively resorbed. Which root canal filling material is used?
- Orthodontics: intrusion of primary teeth · Multi-stepA 2-year-old falls and the upper primary central incisors are pushed into the gum, with the crowns almost invisible. A radiograph shows the root apex displaced labially…
- Orthodontics: molar incisor hypomineralisation · Multi-stepA 7-year-old has first permanent molars and some incisors with creamy yellow-brown opaque patches that crumble and are hypersensitive. Which condition is most likely?
- Orthodontics: Treacher Collins syndrome · ApplicationA newborn has downward-slanting palpebral fissures, malar hypoplasia, a receding chin, malformed ears and conductive deafness. What is the diagnosis?
- Orthodontics: Down syndrome oral features · ApplicationA 12-year-old with Down syndrome has a large fissured tongue, delayed eruption and severe gingival destruction around lower incisors despite little plaque. What explain…
- Orthodontics: hemifacial microsomia · Multi-stepA child has unilateral underdevelopment of the mandibular ramus and condyle, a small ear with preauricular tags and epibulbar dermoids. Which diagnosis fits?
- Orthodontics: vitamin D-resistant rickets · Multi-stepA 4-year-old with short stature and bowed legs has recurrent dental abscesses without caries or trauma. Radiographs show large pulp horns that reach the dentinoenamel j…
- Orthodontics: Papillon-Lefevre syndrome · Multi-stepA 5-year-old has thick scaly skin on the palms and soles and severe gingival inflammation with premature loss of primary teeth, then the permanent teeth. Which diagnosi…
- Orthodontics: dental care of diabetic patients · ApplicationA diabetic patient on insulin needs an extraction. Which scheduling advice is best?
- Orthodontics: dental treatment in pregnancy · ApplicationA pregnant woman with a painful tooth needing elective restorative work asks about timing. Which period is the safest for routine dental treatment?
- Orthodontics · ApplicationWhat does malocclusion describe?
- Orthodontics · ApplicationIn a child with overlapping teeth because the dental arch cannot accommodate all erupted teeth, what is this malocclusion called?
- Orthodontics · ApplicationWhat is the main purpose of orthodontic treatment?
- Orthodontics · ApplicationWhat is malocclusion?
- Orthodontics · ApplicationWhat is the purpose of a retainer after orthodontic treatment?
- Orthodontics · ApplicationWhich malocclusion has one or more maxillary teeth positioned lingual to the corresponding mandibular teeth?
- Orthodontics · ApplicationWhat problem can crowding cause?
- Orthodontics · ApplicationAfter active tooth movement has finished, which appliance helps maintain the achieved position and reduce relapse?
- Orthodontics · ApplicationWhat does crowding in a dental arch mean?
- Orthodontics · ApplicationWhy is retention needed after orthodontic tooth movement?
- Orthodontics · ApplicationIn orthodontic assessment, what does overjet measure between the incisors?
- Orthodontics · ApplicationWhich habit can contribute to anterior open bite in children?
- Orthodontics: crossbite · ApplicationWhat is a posterior crossbite?
- Orthodontics: space maintenance · ApplicationWhy is a space maintainer considered after premature loss of a primary molar?
Oral histology and anatomy40
- Oral histology and anatomy: striae of Retzius · ApplicationGround sections of enamel show brownish lines running obliquely from the dentinoenamel junction toward the surface. What do these lines represent?
- Oral histology and anatomy: Hunter-Schreger bands · Multi-stepIn longitudinal ground sections viewed with reflected light, alternate light and dark bands are seen in the inner two-thirds of enamel. What causes this appearance?
- Oral histology and anatomy: secondary dentine · ApplicationRadiographs of an elderly patient's teeth show smaller pulp chambers than in a young adult, with no caries. Which process best explains this?
- Oral histology and anatomy: reparative tertiary dentine · Multi-stepA deep carious lesion destroys the odontoblasts beneath it, but the pulp survives and later a hard tissue barrier with irregular tubules forms under the lesion. How is…
- Oral histology and anatomy: pulp blood supply · ApplicationA tooth is struck and the pulp becomes necrotic although the crown looks intact. Through which opening do the main vessels and nerves enter the pulp, making it vulnerab…
- Oral histology and anatomy: cellular cementum · Multi-stepWhich feature distinguishes cellular cementum from acellular cementum?
- Oral histology and anatomy: cemento-enamel junction · Multi-stepIn a large sample of extracted teeth, which relation at the cemento-enamel junction is the most common?
- Oral histology and anatomy: junctional epithelium · ApplicationWhich epithelium attaches the gingiva to the tooth surface by hemidesmosomes and forms the floor of the gingival sulcus?
- Oral histology and anatomy: oral mucosa types · ApplicationA biopsy of oral mucosa shows a thick keratinised stratified squamous epithelium bound firmly to periosteum with no submucosa. From which site is this most likely taken?
- Oral histology and anatomy: sublingual gland · ApplicationA patient has a small lesion at the floor of the mouth near the sublingual fold. Which statement about the sublingual gland is correct?
- Oral histology and anatomy: inferior alveolar nerve block · ApplicationAfter an inferior alveolar nerve block, a patient reports numbness of the lower lip and also of the ipsilateral anterior two-thirds of the tongue. Which explanation is…
- Oral histology and anatomy: TMJ sensory supply · ApplicationA patient with temporomandibular joint pain has referred pain in front of the ear. Which nerve is the principal sensory supply of the joint?
- Oral histology and anatomy: mental foramen · ApplicationA dentist plans a mental nerve block for lower premolar treatment. Where is the mental foramen usually located in an adult?
- Oral histology and anatomy: attached gingiva · ApplicationA clinical photograph shows pink, firm gingiva with an orange-peel surface texture, bound tightly to underlying bone. Which part of the gingiva is this?
- Oral histology and anatomy: Von Ebner glands · Multi-stepHistology of the posterior tongue shows serous glands opening into the trenches around large papillae. What is the function of these glands?
- Oral histology and anatomy: salivary antibacterial proteins · ApplicationWhich group of salivary components provides non-specific antibacterial protection in the mouth?
- Oral histology and anatomy: autonomic control of saliva · ApplicationA patient on a drug that blocks muscarinic receptors complains of a dry mouth. Which change in saliva is expected with predominant sympathetic action?
- Oral histology and anatomy: Tomes process · Multi-stepElectron microscopy of a secretory-stage ameloblast shows a distal projection whose shape determines the pattern of enamel rods. What is this structure called?
- Oral histology and anatomy: enamel matrix proteins · Multi-stepWhich protein is the most abundant component of the developing enamel organic matrix and is later largely removed as enamel matures?
- Oral histology and anatomy: peritubular dentine · Multi-stepGround sections of dentine show that the dentine immediately lining each tubule is more highly mineralised than the intertubular dentine. What is this lining called?
- Oral histology and anatomy: interglobular dentine · Multi-stepA child with vitamin D-resistant rickets has teeth in which histology reveals large unmineralised areas between calcospherites in the dentine. What is this finding call…
- Oral histology and anatomy: fovea palatinae · ApplicationWhile making a complete maxillary denture, the dentist notes two small pits on either side of the midline at the junction of the hard and soft palates. For what are the…
- Oral histology and anatomy: buffering in stimulated saliva · ApplicationWhen salivary flow increases during chewing, the pH of whole saliva rises above its resting level and plaque acids are neutralised more quickly. Which component is chie…
- Oral histology and anatomy: dentine caries zones · ApplicationA ground section of a carious tooth shows a zone of dentine ahead of the advancing bacteria that looks transparent because minerals have filled the tubules. What is thi…
- Oral histology and anatomy: lingual thyroid · Multi-stepA 20-year-old woman has dysphagia and a smooth midline mass at the base of the tongue behind the foramen caecum. What should be done before any excision?
- Oral histology and anatomy: enamel lamellae · ApplicationA ground section of enamel shows thin, leaf-like faults running from the enamel surface towards the dentinoenamel junction, filled with organic material. Bacteria may u…
- Oral histology and anatomy: granular layer of Tomes · ApplicationA ground section of root dentine shows a band of small dark spots just inside the cementum, formed by looping and branching of terminal dentinal tubules. What is this l…
- Oral histology and anatomy: dentine permeability · ApplicationWhy is deep dentine near the pulp more permeable than superficial dentine near the enamel?
- Oral histology and anatomy: false pulp stones · ApplicationRadiographs of an older patient show round calcified masses in the pulp chamber. Sections show concentric lamination around a nidus of degenerating cells, with no denti…
- Oral histology and anatomy: pulp pain fibres · ApplicationA man has a dull, throbbing, lingering pain from a deeply carious molar that persists for minutes after a hot stimulus and wakes him at night. Which fibres mainly carry…
- Oral histology and anatomy: alveolar crest fibres · ApplicationWhich principal fibre group of the periodontal ligament runs obliquely from the cementum just below the cementoenamel junction to the rim of the alveolar crest, mainly…
- Oral histology and anatomy: width of periodontal ligament · ApplicationAlong the root of a healthy tooth, in which region is the periodontal ligament space narrowest, close to the axis of rotation?
- Oral histology and anatomy: acellular extrinsic fibre cementum · ApplicationWhich type of cementum covers the cervical two-thirds of the root, contains no cells and carries the main Sharpey's fibres that anchor the tooth?
- Oral histology and anatomy: parakeratinised gingival epithelium · ApplicationA biopsy of healthy attached gingiva shows a surface keratin layer in which flattened cells retain pyknotic nuclei, with a thin or absent granular layer. Which type of…
- Oral histology and anatomy: Merkel cells · ApplicationElectron microscopy of the basal layer of oral epithelium shows a cell with dense-core granules in synaptic contact with a nerve terminal, acting as a mechanoreceptor.…
- Oral histology and anatomy: contribution to resting saliva · ApplicationWhich major gland contributes the largest share of the volume of unstimulated (resting) whole saliva?
- Oral histology and anatomy: striated ducts · ApplicationWhich part of the salivary duct system reabsorbs sodium and chloride and secretes potassium and bicarbonate, so that final saliva is hypotonic?
- Oral histology and anatomy: serous demilunes · ApplicationA histology slide of the submandibular gland shows mucous acini capped at their periphery by a crescent of darker-staining serous cells. What are these crescents called?
- Oral histology and anatomy: transseptal fibres · ApplicationWhich gingival fibre group passes from the cementum of one tooth over the interdental septum, above the bone crest, to the cementum of the adjacent tooth?
- Oral histology and anatomy: embryology of the primary palate · ApplicationWhich embryonic structure forms the primary palate, the part of the hard palate in front of the incisive foramen that carries the upper incisors?
Tooth development and dental anatomy40
- Tooth development and dental anatomy: germ layer origin of the tooth germ · ApplicationDuring odontogenesis, which pairing of tissue and embryonic origin is correct?
- Tooth development and dental anatomy: enamel knot · Multi-stepA research article describes a transient cluster of non-dividing epithelial cells in the enamel organ that expresses signalling molecules and directs the position of cu…
- Tooth development and dental anatomy: derivation of dental tissues · ApplicationWhich statement about the embryological derivation of tooth-supporting and tooth tissues is correct?
- Tooth development and dental anatomy: ectodermal dysplasia · ApplicationA 5-year-old boy has sparse hair, absent sweating with heat intolerance, and conical teeth with only a few teeth erupted. Radiographs show many missing tooth germs. Wha…
- Tooth development and dental anatomy: dentinogenesis imperfecta · ApplicationA child has grey-brown, translucent opalescent teeth that wear down rapidly. Radiographs show bulbous crowns, cervical constriction and obliterated pulp chambers. Which…
- Tooth development and dental anatomy: Epstein pearls · ApplicationA newborn has several small, white, keratin-filled cysts along the midpalatal raphe. Parents are anxious. What is the most appropriate management?
- Tooth development and dental anatomy: dens invaginatum · ApplicationA radiograph of a maxillary lateral incisor shows an enamel-lined invagination of the crown extending toward the root, with a tooth-within-a-tooth appearance. What is t…
- Tooth development and dental anatomy: taurodontism · ApplicationA radiograph of a molar shows an elongated, rectangular pulp chamber with the furcation placed close to the apex. Which condition is this shape classically associated w…
- Tooth development and dental anatomy: fusion versus gemination · Multi-stepA child has a wide mandibular incisor with a groove across the crown. Counting the teeth in that arch shows one tooth fewer than normal. What is the likely diagnosis?
- Tooth development and dental anatomy: enamel pearl · Multi-stepA small, round, enamel-like nodule is found on the root surface of an extracted upper molar at the furcation. Which developmental event explains it?
- Tooth development and dental anatomy: Turner tooth · ApplicationAn 11-year-old has a single permanent premolar with a brown, pitted crown. History reveals a periapical abscess of the preceding primary molar at age 4. What is the bes…
- Tooth development and dental anatomy: regional odontodysplasia · Multi-stepA child has delayed eruption of several maxillary teeth in one quadrant. Radiographs show thin enamel and dentine with large pulp chambers, giving the teeth a faint out…
- Tooth development and dental anatomy: cleidocranial dysplasia · ApplicationA 10-year-old can bring both shoulders together in front of the chest, has frontal bossing and open fontanelles, and retained primary teeth with unerupted supernumerary…
- Tooth development and dental anatomy: root dilaceration · ApplicationA child's upper central incisor fails to erupt after the primary incisor was intruded in a fall at 2 years. A radiograph shows a sharply bent root. What is this anomaly?
- Tooth development and dental anatomy: hypophosphatasia · Multi-stepA 2-year-old with poor bone mineralisation and low serum alkaline phosphatase has premature loss of primary incisors with intact roots. Which condition is likely?
- Tooth development and dental anatomy: dental follicle · ApplicationWhich structure of the developing tooth gives rise to the cementum, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone?
- Tooth development and dental anatomy: ectopic eruption of the first molar · Multi-stepA 6-year-old has a bitewing showing a maxillary first permanent molar caught under the distal bulge of the second primary molar, whose distal root shows scalloped resor…
- Tooth development and dental anatomy: systemic causes of delayed eruption · ApplicationA 2-year-old with a large protruding tongue, umbilical hernia, constipation and a history of prolonged neonatal jaundice has not erupted a single tooth. Which condition…
- Tooth development and dental anatomy: eruption disorders · ApplicationA 14-month-old has a bluish, soft, dome-shaped swelling over the gum where a lower primary molar is about to erupt. The child feeds well and is afebrile. What is the be…
- Tooth development and dental anatomy: talon cusp · ApplicationA child has an extra cusp-like projection on the palatal surface of a permanent maxillary lateral incisor, giving a T-shaped appearance on a radiograph. What is this an…
- Tooth development and dental anatomy: dentine dysplasia type I · Multi-stepA child has early loss of teeth that appear normal in colour. Radiographs show very short roots, obliterated pulp chambers and periapical radiolucencies without caries.…
- Tooth development and dental anatomy: erythrodontia · ApplicationA child's teeth are reddish-brown and fluoresce red under ultraviolet light. The urine is red and the skin is photosensitive with scarring. What is the underlying cause?
- Tooth development and dental anatomy: Ellis-van Creveld syndrome · Multi-stepA newborn has natal teeth, postaxial polydactyly, short limbs and a heart murmur from an atrial septal defect. Which syndrome is this?
- Tooth development and dental anatomy: hypoparathyroidism and teeth · Multi-stepA child with carpopedal spasm and low serum calcium is found to have hypoplastic enamel and delayed eruption. Which endocrine disorder is most likely?
- Tooth development and dental anatomy: hypomaturation amelogenesis imperfecta · Multi-stepA 9-year-old has an inherited enamel defect. The crowns are of normal shape and the enamel is of normal thickness, but it is mottled yellow-brown, can be chipped away f…
- Tooth development and dental anatomy: dentine dysplasia type II · Multi-stepA child has amber-coloured, opalescent primary teeth. The permanent teeth are normal in colour, but radiographs show thistle-tube shaped pulp chambers containing pulp s…
- Tooth development and dental anatomy: genes in tooth agenesis · ApplicationSeveral members of a family have missing permanent teeth (oligodontia) with no other syndromic features. Mutations in which pair of genes are most often found in such n…
- Tooth development and dental anatomy: enamel maturation enzyme · ApplicationDuring the maturation stage of amelogenesis, the remaining enamel matrix proteins must be removed so that the crystals can thicken. Which enzyme is chiefly responsible…
- Tooth development and dental anatomy: order of hard tissue formation · ApplicationIn a developing crown, which statement about the order of hard tissue formation is correct?
- Tooth development and dental anatomy: mantle dentine · ApplicationThe first-formed dentine of the crown lies immediately beneath the dentinoenamel junction. It contains large collagen fibres running perpendicular to the junction and i…
- Tooth development and dental anatomy: gubernacular cord · ApplicationA fibrous strand runs from the follicle of an unerupted permanent incisor through a small bony canal towards the gingiva lingual to the primary tooth, and is thought to…
- Tooth development and dental anatomy: gingival cysts of the newborn · ApplicationA newborn has several tiny white nodules along the alveolar ridges. They are keratin-filled epithelial cysts that disappear within weeks. From which epithelial remnants…
- Tooth development and dental anatomy: pre-eruptive intracoronal resorption · Multi-stepA 7-year-old has no caries and has never had trauma. A bitewing and panoramic film show a well-defined radiolucency in the dentine beneath the occlusal enamel of an une…
- Tooth development and dental anatomy: fractured accessory cusp and necrosis · Multi-stepA 13-year-old has a sinus tract and swelling over a caries-free mandibular second premolar with an open apex. The middle of the occlusal table shows a small worn dentin…
- Tooth development and dental anatomy: cervical loop · ApplicationAt the rim of the enamel organ, the inner and outer enamel epithelia meet and later grow apically to form the root-forming sheath. What is this region called?
- Tooth development and dental anatomy: formation of multiple roots · ApplicationA mandibular molar develops two roots rather than one. Which developmental event divides the single apical opening of the root trunk?
- Tooth development and dental anatomy: origin of lateral canals · ApplicationAccessory (lateral) canals running from the pulp to the periodontal ligament are thought to arise how during root formation?
- Tooth development and dental anatomy: maxillary second primary molar · ApplicationWhich primary tooth most closely resembles the permanent maxillary first molar, with four main cusps, an oblique ridge and sometimes a cusp of Carabelli?
- Tooth development and dental anatomy: primary molar root form · ApplicationOn a radiograph of a 6-year-old, the roots of a primary mandibular molar are slender and splay widely around the crown of the developing premolar. What does this form a…
- Tooth development and dental anatomy: dentinogenesis imperfecta with osteogenesis imperfecta · ApplicationA child has blue sclerae, multiple long bone fractures after minor falls, and grey-brown opalescent primary teeth with bulbous crowns. Which dental condition is associa…
Dental materials and radiology basics37
- Dental materials and radiology basics: polyether impression · ApplicationWhich elastomeric impression material is stiff, hydrophilic and distorts if stored in water or humid conditions?
- Dental materials and radiology basics: inlay wax distortion · ApplicationAn inlay wax pattern is left on the bench for several hours before investing, and the final casting fits poorly. What property of wax explains this?
- Dental materials and radiology basics: total-etch bonding · Multi-stepAfter acid-etching dentine with phosphoric acid, the dentist dries the cavity until it looks chalky white and then applies a total-etch adhesive. The patient has postop…
- Dental materials and radiology basics: amalgam waste handling · ApplicationWhich method of disposing of scrap amalgam from a dental clinic is correct?
- Dental materials and radiology basics: metal-ceramic thermal compatibility · Multi-stepA metal-ceramic crown cracks in the porcelain on cooling after firing. Which relationship between coefficients of thermal contraction is correct for a compatible system?
- Dental materials and radiology basics: composite curing depth · ApplicationA 4-mm-deep cavity is filled with one bulk increment of light-cured composite cured for 20 seconds. A week later the deep part is soft and the restoration has debonded.…
- Dental materials and radiology basics: bisecting angle errors · ApplicationA periapical film of an upper molar taken by the bisecting angle technique shows the tooth looking much longer than it is. What was the error?
- Dental materials and radiology basics: internal bleaching · Multi-stepTwo years after walking bleach of a root-filled incisor with hot 30 percent hydrogen peroxide, a radiograph shows resorption at the cervical area. Which step prevents t…
- Dental materials and radiology basics: amalgam corrosion · Multi-stepConventional low-copper dental amalgam fails early at the margins from corrosion and creep. Which phase is the weakest and most corrodible, and is eliminated in high-co…
- Dental materials and radiology basics: composite restoration · ApplicationA deep composite restoration placed in a single thick increment causes post-operative sensitivity and a gap at the cavity floor. Which property of composite causes this?
- Dental materials and radiology basics: denture materials · ApplicationA patient has a burning sensation and erythema of the palate only under a new acrylic denture, with a negative Candida swab. Which component is the likely allergen?
- Dental materials and radiology basics: localisation · ApplicationOn two periapical films taken with different tube angles, an impacted tooth appears to move in the same direction as the tube head relative to the roots of adjacent tee…
- Dental materials and radiology basics: radiation safety · ApplicationA pregnant woman in her second trimester has a toothache and needs a periapical radiograph. Which statement is correct?
- Dental materials and radiology basics: hybrid layer · ApplicationIn dentine bonding, acid etching exposes a collagen network in the dentine, which is then infiltrated by resin. What is the resulting structure called?
- Dental materials and radiology basics: panoramic ghost image · Multi-stepA panoramic radiograph of a patient wearing a metal earring on the left shows a blurred radiopacity on the right ramus region, higher than the true object and enlarged.…
- Dental materials and radiology basics: zinc phosphate cement acidity · ApplicationA crown is to be luted with zinc phosphate cement onto a vital tooth with a deep preparation. The freshly mixed cement is strongly acidic. Which step best limits pulpal…
- Dental materials and radiology basics: eugenol and resin · ApplicationA dentist places zinc oxide eugenol as a sedative base in a deep cavity and then bonds a composite directly over it in the same visit. What is the likely problem?
- Dental materials and radiology basics: delayed expansion of zinc-containing amalgam · Multi-stepA zinc-containing low-copper amalgam is condensed while the field is contaminated with saliva. Several days later the patient reports pain and the restoration stands pr…
- Dental materials and radiology basics: alginate imbibition · ApplicationAn alginate impression is stored under water for an hour before the cast is poured, and the cast turns out oversized and distorted. Which phenomenon explains this?
- Dental materials and radiology basics: condensation silicone shrinkage · ApplicationA condensation silicone impression is left for a day before pouring and the die is found to be smaller than the prepared tooth. What best explains this?
- Dental materials and radiology basics: dental stone versus plaster · ApplicationA laboratory needs a cast stronger and less porous than one made from model plaster. The stone used for this purpose is made of which form of calcium sulphate?
- Dental materials and radiology basics: water powder ratio of gypsum · ApplicationA technician adds extra water to dental stone to make pouring easier. What is the effect on the finished cast?
- Dental materials and radiology basics: denture acrylic porosity · Multi-stepA denture base is processed by plunging the flask straight into boiling water. After deflasking, voids are found in the thickest central part of the base. What caused t…
- Dental materials and radiology basics: cobalt-chromium denture framework · ApplicationWhy is cobalt-chromium preferred to type IV gold for a removable partial denture framework?
- Dental materials and radiology basics: sensitisation of stainless steel · Multi-stepA stainless steel orthodontic wire is heated to about 650 degrees C during soldering and later shows corrosion along its grain boundaries. What caused this?
- Dental materials and radiology basics: C-factor in composite · Multi-stepPolymerisation shrinkage stress and the risk of debonding are greatest when the ratio of bonded to free surfaces of a composite restoration is high. Which cavity has th…
- Dental materials and radiology basics: oxygen inhibition layer · ApplicationAfter light-curing the first increment of a composite, the surface remains slightly sticky. Why is this layer left in place before adding the next increment?
- Dental materials and radiology basics: zirconia transformation toughening · ApplicationYttria-stabilised zirconia crowns resist crack propagation better than most dental ceramics. Which mechanism is responsible?
- Dental materials and radiology basics: bonding glass ceramic · Multi-stepA lithium disilicate glass-ceramic veneer is to be bonded with resin cement. Which treatment of its fitting surface gives both micromechanical retention and chemical bo…
- Dental materials and radiology basics: titanium implant biocompatibility · ApplicationCommercially pure titanium is widely used for dental implants because it resists corrosion in saliva and tissue fluids. What is the main reason?
- Dental materials and radiology basics: kVp and contrast · ApplicationA dentist raises the tube potential from 65 kVp to 90 kVp and adjusts the time to keep image density the same. How does radiographic contrast change?
- Dental materials and radiology basics: stochastic effect of radiation · ApplicationA radiographer is concerned about very low cumulative exposure. Which effect is considered stochastic, with probability rising with dose and no assumed safe threshold?
- Dental materials and radiology basics: reversed film placement · ApplicationA periapical film appears pale with a fine criss-cross, herringbone pattern over the whole image. What error is most likely?
- Dental materials and radiology basics: anatomical radiolucency mimicking a lesion · Multi-stepA periapical film of a vital, asymptomatic lower second premolar shows a round radiolucency at its apex. A second film is taken with a different horizontal angulation.…
- Dental materials and radiology basics: multiple myeloma of the jaw · Multi-stepA 65-year-old with bone pain, anaemia and hypercalcaemia has multiple punched-out radiolucencies in the mandible and skull. Which investigation finding is expected?
- Dental materials and radiology basics: thalassaemia skull radiograph · ApplicationA child with chronic severe haemolytic anaemia has a skull radiograph with vertical trabeculae like hair standing on end. What is the mechanism?
- Dental materials and radiology basics: radiographic proximal caries · ApplicationOn a bitewing radiograph, a proximal carious lesion reaches the dentine. Where does the base of the radiolucent triangle lie in the dentine?
Oral and maxillofacial surgery and facial fractures32
- Oral and maxillofacial surgery and facial fractures: coronectomy · Multi-stepA 28-year-old needs a symptomatic mesioangular lower third molar removed. The panoramic radiograph shows darkening of the roots and loss of the cortical lines of the ca…
- Oral and maxillofacial surgery and facial fractures: posterior superior alveolar block · Multi-stepA swelling over the cheek and temporal area develops rapidly while a posterior superior alveolar nerve block is given for an upper molar. Which structure was most likel…
- Oral and maxillofacial surgery and facial fractures: naso-orbito-ethmoid fracture · ApplicationAfter a blow to the nasal bridge, a patient has a flattened nose, widened distance between the inner canthi and rounded medial canthi. Pressing on the medial canthus sh…
- Oral and maxillofacial surgery and facial fractures: velopharyngeal insufficiency · Multi-stepA 6-year-old whose cleft palate was repaired at 12 months has hypernasal speech and nasal air escape. Nasendoscopy shows incomplete velopharyngeal closure during speech…
- Oral and maxillofacial surgery and facial fractures: von Willebrand disease · Multi-stepA 12-year-old with easy bruising and prolonged bleeding from minor cuts needs a molar extraction. Platelet count is normal, aPTT is slightly prolonged and ristocetin co…
- Oral and maxillofacial surgery and facial fractures: epinephrine in heart disease · ApplicationA patient with stable ischaemic heart disease needs a dental extraction under local anaesthetic with epinephrine. What is the commonly accepted limit of epinephrine per…
- Oral and maxillofacial surgery and facial fractures: third molar in a fracture line · Multi-stepA mandibular angle fracture runs through the socket of an impacted lower third molar. The tooth is firmly held, with no infection or caries. What is the best approach?
- Oral and maxillofacial surgery and facial fractures: temporomandibular disorders · ApplicationA 28-year-old woman has dull pain in front of the ear, worse on chewing, with tender masseter and temporalis muscles and a click on opening. MRI of the joint is normal.…
- Oral and maxillofacial surgery and facial fractures: odontogenic infection · ApplicationA man has a fluctuant, tender swelling over the mandible with a necrotic lower molar. He is given antibiotics but remains febrile. Which step matters most for cure?
- Oral and maxillofacial surgery and facial fractures: extraction complications · Multi-stepDuring extraction of an upper first molar, the palatal root tip disappears from view. The patient later has a nasal fluid leak, and a radiograph shows the root fragment…
- Oral and maxillofacial surgery and facial fractures: zygomatic fractures · Multi-stepAfter an assault, a man has flattening of the cheek and difficulty opening the mouth because the coronoid process is blocked. A depressed zygomatic arch fracture is con…
- Oral and maxillofacial surgery and facial fractures: cleft palate sequelae · ApplicationAn infant with an unrepaired cleft palate has recurrent middle ear problems with hearing loss. Which is the most common ear complication in these children?
- Oral and maxillofacial surgery and facial fractures: Gow-Gates block · Multi-stepIn a Gow-Gates mandibular block, the needle is directed towards the neck of the mandibular condyle. What is the advantage of this technique over the standard inferior a…
- Oral and maxillofacial surgery and facial fractures: articaine structure · Multi-stepArticaine differs chemically from other amide local anaesthetics used in dentistry because of which feature?
- Oral and maxillofacial surgery and facial fractures: prilocaine methaemoglobinaemia · ApplicationAfter a large dose of dental local anaesthetic, a patient develops cyanosis with chocolate-brown blood but a normal arterial oxygen tension and no respiratory distress.…
- Oral and maxillofacial surgery and facial fractures: Champy principle · Multi-stepA surgeon fixes an uncomplicated fracture of the mandibular angle with a single small miniplate along the superior border near the external oblique ridge through an int…
- Oral and maxillofacial surgery and facial fractures: reconstruction in paediatric ankylosis · Multi-stepA 9-year-old child with bony ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint undergoes release by gap arthroplasty. Which graft is preferred to reconstruct the ramus-condyle u…
- Oral and maxillofacial surgery and facial fractures: marginal mandibular nerve injury · ApplicationAfter excision of the submandibular gland through an incision 2 cm below the angle of the mandible, the patient's lower lip corner droops when he smiles. Taste and tong…
- Oral and maxillofacial surgery and facial fractures: anaesthesia with limited mouth opening · ApplicationA patient with severe trismus from an infected lower molar needs an inferior alveolar nerve block. Which technique can be used without opening the mouth widely?
- Oral and maxillofacial surgery and facial fractures: tetanus prophylaxis in facial wounds · ApplicationA farmer has a soil-contaminated facial laceration after a fall and has never received tetanus vaccination. Which prophylaxis is appropriate?
- Oral and maxillofacial surgery and facial fractures: local anaesthetic systemic toxicity · Multi-stepAfter an inadvertent intravascular injection of bupivacaine, a patient has perioral tingling, seizures and then cardiovascular collapse that does not respond to standar…
- Oral and maxillofacial surgery and facial fractures: surgical airway in midface trauma · Multi-stepA patient with comminuted midface and mandibular fractures has heavy bleeding in the mouth. Oral intubation fails, bag-mask ventilation is inadequate and oxygen saturat…
- Oral and maxillofacial surgery and facial fractures: timing of alveolar bone grafting in cleft · ApplicationA child with a unilateral cleft lip, palate and alveolar defect is being planned for secondary alveolar bone grafting. When is it ideally performed?
- Oral and maxillofacial surgery and facial fractures: rotation-advancement repair · ApplicationA surgeon repairs a unilateral cleft lip by making a curved incision on the medial element to lower the Cupid's bow and advancing a lateral lip flap into the gap. Which…
- Oral and maxillofacial surgery and facial fractures: complication of sagittal split osteotomy · ApplicationAfter bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy to correct mandibular prognathism, which complication is the most common?
- Oral and maxillofacial surgery and facial fractures: closed lock of the TMJ · Multi-stepA woman who previously had a clicking jaw now cannot open beyond 25 mm and the jaw deviates to the painful side on opening. The click has disappeared. What is the likel…
- Oral and maxillofacial surgery and facial fractures: arthrocentesis · ApplicationA patient with a closed lock of the temporomandibular joint has not improved after splint therapy, analgesics and exercises. Which minimally invasive procedure is the n…
- Oral and maxillofacial surgery and facial fractures: frontal sinus posterior table fracture · Multi-stepAfter a blow to the forehead, CT shows a displaced posterior table fracture of the frontal sinus with a dural tear and clear nasal discharge. What is the appropriate ma…
- Oral and maxillofacial surgery and facial fractures: lateral pharyngeal space infection · Multi-stepA patient with an infected lower third molar has high fever, severe trismus and difficulty swallowing. There is little external facial swelling, but the tonsil and late…
- Oral and maxillofacial surgery and facial fractures: submasseteric space infection · ApplicationAfter pericoronitis of a lower third molar, a patient has severe trismus and swelling over the ramus and angle of the mandible, with little intraoral swelling. Which sp…
- Oral and maxillofacial surgery and facial fractures: displacement in condylar fractures · ApplicationIn a fracture of the condylar neck, the condylar head is usually pulled anteriorly and medially out of the glenoid fossa. Which muscle is responsible?
- Oral and maxillofacial surgery and facial fractures: microvascular decompression · Multi-stepA fit 45-year-old with trigeminal neuralgia has failed carbamazepine and MRI shows a loop of the superior cerebellar artery compressing the nerve root. Which procedure…
Oral medicine29
- Oral medicine: oral submucous fibrosis · ApplicationA young man who chews areca nut daily has burning on eating spicy food, a blanched stiff buccal mucosa with fibrous bands, and difficulty opening his mouth. What is the…
- Oral medicine: oral lichen planus · ApplicationA middle-aged woman has itchy violaceous papules on the wrists and bilateral lacy white striae on the buccal mucosa. What is the diagnosis?
- Oral medicine: erythroplakia · Multi-stepAmong oral potentially malignant lesions, which carries the highest risk of already showing dysplasia or carcinoma at biopsy?
- Oral medicine: oral hairy leukoplakia · ApplicationA patient with HIV has a corrugated white lesion of the lateral tongue that cannot be scraped off. What is the likely cause?
- Oral medicine: oral candidiasis · ApplicationAn asthmatic using an inhaled corticosteroid has white curdy plaques on the palate that wipe off, leaving red mucosa. What is the diagnosis and advice?
- Oral medicine: Peutz-Jeghers syndrome · Multi-stepA child has dark macules on the lips and buccal mucosa and has had recurrent intussusception. Which condition and gene are involved?
- Oral medicine: recurrent aphthous ulcer · ApplicationA young adult has recurrent painful round ulcers with a grey-yellow base and red halo on the labial mucosa, healing in 10 days without scarring. What is the diagnosis?
- Oral medicine: pemphigus vulgaris · ApplicationA middle-aged woman has painful oral erosions for months, then flaccid skin blisters with a positive Nikolsky sign. Biopsy shows suprabasal acantholysis. What is the di…
- Oral medicine: leukaemic gingival enlargement · Multi-stepA child with fever and pallor has swollen, bleeding gingival tissue infiltrated by blasts. Which leukaemia is classically associated with gingival infiltration?
- Oral medicine · ApplicationWhat lesion is a recurrent painful shallow oral ulcer?
- Oral medicine · ApplicationWhat causes angular cheilitis commonly?
- Oral medicine · ApplicationWhat is a white patch that cannot be scraped off?
- Oral medicine · ApplicationWhat is a common oral finding in lichen planus?
- Oral medicine · ApplicationWhat symptom should prompt assessment for oral cancer?
- Oral medicine · ApplicationWhat common exposure increases oral cancer risk?
- Oral medicine · ApplicationWhat oral feature is common in lichen planus?
- Oral medicine · ApplicationWhat can recurrent aphthous ulcers cause?
- Oral medicine · ApplicationWhich oral lesion should prompt urgent assessment because it may represent oral malignancy?
- Oral medicine · ApplicationWhat is a common clinical appearance of oral candidiasis?
- Oral medicine · ApplicationWhich description best fits a typical minor aphthous ulcer?
- Oral medicine · ApplicationWhich oral lesion requires urgent referral because of possible malignancy?
- Oral medicine · ApplicationWhich clinical feature is most concerning in a white oral mucosal lesion?
- Oral medicine: leukoplakia · ApplicationWhich oral lesion is defined clinically as a predominantly white plaque that cannot be rubbed off and cannot be otherwise characterized?
- Oral medicine: candidiasis · ApplicationA patient using inhaled corticosteroids has sore mouth and creamy white plaques that wipe off, leaving an erythematous surface. What is the diagnosis?
- Oral medicine · ApplicationWhich oral finding is typical of oral candidiasis?
- Oral medicine · ApplicationWhat condition is associated with recurrent painful aphthous ulcers?
- Oral medicine: aphthous ulceration · ApplicationA patient has recurrent painful shallow oral ulcers with yellow-gray base and erythematous halo on nonkeratinized mucosa. What is most likely?
- Oral medicine: lichen planus · ApplicationWhat oral appearance is typical of reticular lichen planus?
- Oral medicine: geographic tongue · ApplicationA patient has migrating smooth erythematous depapillated patches on the dorsal tongue with serpiginous white borders. What is the diagnosis?
Periodontology23
- Periodontology · ApplicationWhat is the primary inflammatory disease of gingival tissues without attachment loss?
- Periodontology · ApplicationWhat distinguishes periodontitis from simple gingivitis?
- Periodontology · ApplicationWhat is hardened mineralized plaque called?
- Periodontology · ApplicationWhat measurement helps assess periodontal pocket depth?
- Periodontology · ApplicationWhat is a common sign of gingivitis?
- Periodontology · ApplicationWhat is dental plaque?
- Periodontology · ApplicationWhat is the main aim of scaling and root planing?
- Periodontology · ApplicationWhat can periodontal disease eventually cause?
- Periodontology · ApplicationWhat is inflammation of gums without attachment loss called?
- Periodontology · ApplicationWhat distinguishes periodontitis from gingivitis?
- Periodontology · ApplicationWhat is hardened mineralized dental plaque called?
- Periodontology · ApplicationWhat is the key difference between gingivitis and periodontitis?
- Periodontology · ApplicationWhat is dental plaque best described as?
- Periodontology · ApplicationWhat is the principal purpose of a periodontal probe?
- Periodontology · ApplicationWhich finding best distinguishes periodontitis from uncomplicated gingivitis?
- Periodontology · ApplicationWhat is the first essential step in managing plaque-induced gingivitis?
- Periodontology: gingivitis · ApplicationA patient has bleeding on brushing, erythematous swollen gingiva, and no clinical attachment loss or alveolar bone loss. What is the most likely diagnosis?
- Periodontology: periodontitis · ApplicationWhich finding differentiates periodontitis from gingivitis?
- Periodontology: furcation involvement · ApplicationIn a molar with periodontitis, a probe enters the furcation from the buccal aspect but does not pass completely through to the opposite side. Which furcation grade is t…
- Periodontology · ApplicationWhat is the purpose of periodontal probing?
- Periodontology · ApplicationWhich factor is strongly associated with worse periodontal disease outcomes?
- Periodontology: probing depth · ApplicationWhat does an increased periodontal probing depth primarily indicate?
- Periodontology: furcation · ApplicationWhy is furcation involvement in a molar periodontally important?
Oral and maxillofacial surgery22
- Oral and maxillofacial surgery: CSF rhinorrhoea in midface fracture · Multi-stepAfter a road traffic accident, a man with a mobile midface and bilateral periorbital bruising has clear fluid dripping from his nose that forms a halo on the tissue. Wh…
- Oral and maxillofacial surgery: common sites of mandibular fracture · ApplicationIn an adult assault victim, which sites are the most commonly fractured parts of the mandible?
- Oral and maxillofacial surgery: bilateral parasymphyseal fracture · Multi-stepA man with a bilateral parasymphyseal fracture lies supine and becomes noisy and stridorous. The anterior mandibular segment is displaced backward. What is the immediat…
- Oral and maxillofacial surgery: fixation of mandibular fractures · ApplicationA patient has a displaced mandibular angle fracture with malocclusion. Which method best restores occlusion and stable healing?
- Oral and maxillofacial surgery: septal haematoma · ApplicationA boy has a nasal injury two days ago and now has a bilateral smooth, red, boggy swelling on both sides of the septum with nasal blockage. What is the correct management?
- Oral and maxillofacial surgery: TMJ dislocation · ApplicationA woman yawns widely and cannot close her mouth. Both condyles lie in front of the articular eminence, and a depression is felt in front of each tragus. Which is the co…
- Oral and maxillofacial surgery: classification of impacted third molars · ApplicationA surgeon records a lower third molar as 'mesioangular' on the Winter classification. What does this mean?
- Oral and maxillofacial surgery: osteomyelitis of the jaw · ApplicationA diabetic man has a swollen painful lower jaw with fever and numbness of the lower lip. A radiograph shows a moth-eaten radiolucency with sequestra. Which fact explain…
- Oral and maxillofacial surgery: osteoradionecrosis · ApplicationA man who had 66 Gy radiotherapy for tonsillar cancer has a lower molar extracted and develops a non-healing exposed necrotic bone area over 3 months. What is the diagn…
- Oral and maxillofacial surgery: medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw · ApplicationA woman with breast cancer metastases receiving monthly zoledronic acid has exposed bone in the mandible for 8 weeks after a molar extraction, with no radiotherapy hist…
- Oral and maxillofacial surgery: timing of cleft lip repair · ApplicationA newborn has a unilateral complete cleft lip, normal weight and no other abnormality. According to the rule of tens, at what age is the lip repair usually done?
- Oral and maxillofacial surgery: unilateral condylar fracture · Multi-stepA man hit on the chin has pain in front of the left ear. On opening, the jaw deviates to the left, and the teeth contact early on the left side. Which injury is likely?
- Oral and maxillofacial surgery: bilateral condylar fractures · Multi-stepAfter a fall onto the chin, a patient has an anterior open bite with only the molars contacting and a retruded chin. Which injury is the most probable?
- Oral and maxillofacial surgery: oroantral communication · ApplicationAfter extraction of an upper first molar, a patient blowing the nose finds air bubbling into the socket and fluid regurgitates into the nose. What is the complication?
- Oral and maxillofacial surgery: TMJ ankylosis · Multi-stepA 12-year-old who had a childhood mandibular fracture has progressively limited mouth opening, a receding chin and bird face. Imaging shows a bony mass fusing the condy…
- Oral and maxillofacial surgery: causes of trismus · ApplicationWhich of the following is a recognised cause of trismus?
- Oral and maxillofacial surgery: buccal space infection · Multi-stepAn abscess from an upper canine presents as swelling between the upper lip and the infraorbital region, obliterating the nasolabial fold. Which space is involved?
- Oral and maxillofacial surgery: maximum dose of lignocaine · ApplicationA dentist uses 2 percent lignocaine with adrenaline in a 20 kg child. What is the usual maximum dose per kg?
- Oral and maxillofacial surgery: anaesthesia in infection · ApplicationA local anaesthetic block fails in a patient with a spreading acute dental abscess. What explains this?
- Oral and maxillofacial surgery: extraction in anticoagulated patients · Multi-stepA man on warfarin for atrial fibrillation needs a simple dental extraction. His INR is 2.4. What is the best approach?
- Oral and maxillofacial surgery: haemophilia and extraction · ApplicationA boy with moderate haemophilia A needs an extraction. Which preparation reduces the risk of bleeding?
- Oral and maxillofacial surgery: dental clearance before radiotherapy · ApplicationA patient is due for head and neck radiotherapy for oropharyngeal cancer. What is the correct dental advice?
Endodontics21
- Endodontics · ApplicationWhat usually causes pulp necrosis?
- Endodontics · ApplicationWhat test assesses pulp vitality?
- Endodontics · ApplicationWhat is root canal obturation intended to do?
- Endodontics · ApplicationWhat procedure removes infected pulp tissue and fills the root canal?
- Endodontics · ApplicationWhat symptom commonly suggests irreversible pulpitis?
- Endodontics · ApplicationWhat is the aim of pulp vitality testing?
- Endodontics · ApplicationWhat may be found with a periapical abscess?
- Endodontics · ApplicationWhat does pulp necrosis mean?
- Endodontics · ApplicationWhat is the purpose of rubber dam isolation during root canal treatment?
- Endodontics · ApplicationWhat procedure removes infected pulp and fills the root canal?
- Endodontics · ApplicationWhat symptom suggests irreversible pulpitis?
- Endodontics · ApplicationWhat is the main goal of root canal treatment?
- Endodontics · ApplicationWhich pain pattern is most suggestive of irreversible pulpitis?
- Endodontics · ApplicationWhat does a non-vital tooth fail to demonstrate on sensibility testing?
- Endodontics · ApplicationWhich symptom most strongly suggests symptomatic irreversible pulpitis?
- Endodontics: irreversible pulpitis · ApplicationA tooth has spontaneous lingering pain to cold and heat, with no swelling and normal periapical radiograph. Which pulpal diagnosis is most likely?
- Endodontics: acute apical abscess · ApplicationA patient has severe localized dental pain, a tender tooth to percussion, facial swelling, and pus at the apex. What is the most likely diagnosis?
- Endodontics · ApplicationWhat is the purpose of root-canal obturation?
- Endodontics · ApplicationWhich radiographic finding suggests chronic apical periodontitis?
- Endodontics: vitality testing · ApplicationWhat is the main limitation of an electric pulp test?
- Endodontics: apical periodontitis · ApplicationA necrotic tooth is tender to biting and has a periapical radiolucency. What diagnosis is most likely?
Oral surgery21
- Oral surgery · ApplicationAfter a dental infection, a patient cannot open the mouth normally because of painful muscle spasm. What is this restriction called?
- Oral surgery · ApplicationWhat is common after extraction?
- Oral surgery · ApplicationWhat can dry socket cause?
- Oral surgery · ApplicationWhat is the most common indication for extracting an impacted third molar?
- Oral surgery · ApplicationWhat is dry socket after extraction?
- Oral surgery · ApplicationWhat should be assessed before simple tooth extraction?
- Oral surgery · ApplicationWhat advice helps protect the blood clot after extraction?
- Oral surgery · ApplicationFollowing a mandibular infection, a patient cannot open the mouth normally because of masticatory muscle spasm; what is this called?
- Oral surgery · ApplicationWhat is a potential concern in a spreading odontogenic infection?
- Oral surgery · ApplicationWhat is dry socket after extraction?
- Oral surgery · ApplicationWhat condition is commonly called dry socket after a dental extraction?
- Oral surgery · ApplicationWhich postoperative instruction helps reduce bleeding after a routine tooth extraction?
- Oral surgery · ApplicationWhich postoperative finding after extraction requires urgent reassessment for possible infection?
- Oral surgery · ApplicationWhat is dry socket after extraction primarily caused by?
- Oral surgery: dry socket · ApplicationThree days after a difficult mandibular molar extraction, a patient has escalating severe pain, halitosis, and an empty socket with exposed bone. What is the most likel…
- Oral surgery: oroantral communication · ApplicationAfter extraction of an upper first molar, a patient reports fluid passing from the mouth into the nose. What complication should be suspected?
- Oral surgery · ApplicationDry socket after extraction is most likely due to what?
- Oral surgery · ApplicationWhy is a surgical extraction sometimes required for an impacted third molar?
- Oral surgery · ApplicationWhat advice reduces risk of dry socket after extraction?
- Oral surgery: inferior alveolar nerve injury · ApplicationAfter mandibular third-molar surgery, a patient has numbness of the lower lip and chin. Which nerve is most likely affected?
- Oral surgery: lingual nerve injury · ApplicationAfter lower third-molar extraction, a patient loses general sensation and taste over the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. Which nerve is injured?
Dental materials and radiology20
- Dental materials and radiology: calcium hydroxide · ApplicationA deep cavity in a young molar exposes a pinpoint area of vital pulp. Which material placed directly on the exposure stimulates reparative dentine?
- Dental materials and radiology: mineral trioxide aggregate · ApplicationWhich indication is best treated with mineral trioxide aggregate?
- Dental materials and radiology: polycarboxylate cement · Multi-stepWhich luting cement bonds chemically to tooth structure and is relatively kind to the pulp?
- Dental materials and radiology: gypsum products · ApplicationA technician pours a working cast that must be strong and resist abrasion. Which gypsum product is preferred over dental plaster?
- Dental materials and radiology: addition silicone impression · Multi-stepA dentist needs the most dimensionally stable impression material for a crown, allowing the cast to be poured days later. Which is most suitable?
- Dental materials and radiology: dental porcelain · ApplicationWhy is porcelain fused to a metal substructure for posterior crowns?
- Dental materials and radiology: paralleling technique · Multi-stepWhich advantage does the paralleling (long cone) technique have over the bisecting angle technique for periapical radiographs?
- Dental materials and radiology: occlusal radiograph · ApplicationA man has recurrent pain and swelling under the tongue at mealtimes. Which radiographic view best demonstrates a radiopaque stone in Wharton's duct near the floor of th…
- Dental materials and radiology: cone beam CT · ApplicationWhich statement about cone beam CT in dentistry is correct?
- Dental materials and radiology: sialography · ApplicationA patient has recurrent painful parotid swelling after meals. Plain films show nothing. Which investigation outlines duct strictures and radiolucent stones?
- Dental materials and radiology: sunray appearance · Multi-stepA teenager has a rapidly enlarging painful jaw swelling. A radiograph shows an ill-defined lesion with spiculated periosteal new bone radiating outward. Which tumour is…
- Dental materials and radiology: Garre osteomyelitis · Multi-stepA 10-year-old with a carious lower first molar has a hard bony swelling of the lower jaw border. A radiograph shows layered periosteal new bone. What is the diagnosis?
- Dental materials and radiology: fibrous dysplasia · ApplicationA 14-year-old has a slowly growing painless expansion of the maxilla. A radiograph shows a uniform ground glass appearance without clear borders. What is the likely dia…
- Dental materials and radiology: Paget disease of the jaw · Multi-stepAn elderly man complains that his upper denture no longer fits. His alkaline phosphatase is raised and the maxilla shows a cotton wool appearance with hypercementosis.…
- Dental materials and radiology: osteopetrosis · Multi-stepA child with pancytopenia and dense bones has a jaw infection after an extraction that does not heal. Which disease is likely?
- Dental materials and radiology: Gardner syndrome · ApplicationA young man has multiple osteomas of the jaws, epidermoid cysts of the skin and supernumerary teeth. Which cancer does he need screening for?
- Dental materials and radiology: odontoma · ApplicationA 12-year-old has a retained primary canine and a radiograph shows a mass of tooth-like structures (denticles) in the anterior maxilla. What is the lesion?
- Dental materials and radiology: radiation protection · ApplicationWhich measure is part of the ALARA principle in dental radiography?
- Dental materials and radiology: Stafne bone cavity · Multi-stepAn OPG of a middle-aged man shows a well-defined oval radiolucency below the mandibular canal near the angle, in a patient with no symptoms. What is the likely cause?
- Dental materials and radiology: Burkitt lymphoma of the jaw · ApplicationA 6-year-old African child has rapidly growing jaw swelling with loosened teeth. Biopsy shows a starry-sky pattern. Which virus is associated?
Prosthodontics16
- Prosthodontics: dental implants · ApplicationWhich material is typically used for dental implant fixtures because it osseointegrates?
- Prosthodontics · ApplicationWhat is a key requirement for denture retention?
- Prosthodontics · ApplicationWhat should denture wearers remove at night?
- Prosthodontics · ApplicationWhat is a complete denture designed to replace?
- Prosthodontics · ApplicationA bridge is fixed prosthesis that replaces what?
- Prosthodontics · ApplicationWhat is an implant-supported crown used to replace?
- Prosthodontics · ApplicationWhat is an impression used for in restorative dentistry?
- Prosthodontics · ApplicationWhat is a crown used to do?
- Prosthodontics · ApplicationWhat is a removable partial denture designed to replace?
- Prosthodontics · ApplicationWhat does a complete denture replace?
- Prosthodontics · ApplicationWhat is a bridge designed to replace?
- Prosthodontics · ApplicationWhat is the principal purpose of an impression in fixed prosthodontics?
- Prosthodontics: complete dentures · ApplicationA new complete-denture wearer develops soreness under a sharp flange. What is the most appropriate adjustment principle?
- Prosthodontics · ApplicationWhy is an occlusal rest included in a removable partial denture?
- Prosthodontics · ApplicationWhat is the purpose of a crown ferrule effect?
- Prosthodontics: complete dentures · ApplicationWhat is the most common cause of loss of retention of a maxillary complete denture during function?
Dental anatomy15
- Dental anatomy: periodontal fibres · Multi-stepCollagen fibres of the periodontal ligament embedded in cementum and alveolar bone are known by which name?
- Dental anatomy: amelogenesis imperfecta · Multi-stepA child has thin, yellow-brown, pitted teeth in both dentitions, and a sibling is also affected. Dentin and pulp are normal. Which diagnosis fits?
- Dental anatomy: reactionary dentin · Multi-stepSlowly progressing caries stimulates existing odontoblasts to lay down dentin beneath the lesion. What is this dentin called?
- Dental anatomy · ApplicationWhich tissue forms the outer covering of the crown of a tooth?
- Dental anatomy · ApplicationWhich tissue contains the tooth's nerves and blood vessels?
- Dental anatomy · ApplicationWhat mineralized tissue makes up the bulk of a tooth?
- Dental anatomy · ApplicationWhat is the hard mineralized tissue covering the root of a tooth?
- Dental anatomy · ApplicationWhat structure anchors the tooth root to alveolar bone?
- Dental anatomy · ApplicationWhat tooth surface faces the tongue?
- Dental anatomy · ApplicationWhat tissue covers the crown of a tooth?
- Dental anatomy · ApplicationWhat tissue contains tooth nerves and blood vessels?
- Dental anatomy · ApplicationWhat is the mineralized tissue forming most of a tooth?
- Dental anatomy · ApplicationWhich tooth surface faces the cheek in posterior teeth?
- Dental anatomy · ApplicationWhat is the main function of the periodontal ligament?
- Dental anatomy: pulp · ApplicationWhich cell type produces reparative dentin in response to moderate pulp injury?
Dental materials14
- Dental materials: glass ionomer cement · ApplicationWhich restorative material bonds chemically to enamel and dentin and releases fluoride, suiting cervical lesions in high-caries-risk patients?
- Dental materials: zinc oxide eugenol · ApplicationWhich material has a soothing (obtundent) effect on inflamed pulp and is used as a temporary restoration or dressing?
- Dental materials: composite resin · ApplicationWhich tooth-coloured restorative material is polymerised by visible blue light and contains a resin matrix with glass or silica filler?
- Dental materials: gutta-percha · ApplicationWhich material, with a sealer, is used to fill a root canal after pulp removal?
- Dental materials: amalgam retention · ApplicationWhich statement about dental amalgam is true?
- Dental materials: acid etching · ApplicationWhy is enamel etched with phosphoric acid before placing composite resin?
- Dental materials · ApplicationWhat material is commonly used for direct tooth-colored restorations?
- Dental materials · ApplicationWhat material is used to obturate a prepared root canal?
- Dental materials · ApplicationWhat material commonly fills a prepared root canal?
- Dental materials · ApplicationWhat material is commonly used for tooth-colored direct restorations?
- Dental materials: amalgam · ApplicationWhy is moisture contamination during placement particularly problematic for conventional dental amalgam?
- Dental materials: composite resin · ApplicationWhich step improves bonding of composite resin to enamel?
- Dental materials: glass ionomer · ApplicationWhich property is a practical advantage of glass-ionomer cement in a high-caries-risk restoration?
- Dental materials: amalgam · ApplicationWhy is a matrix band used when restoring a proximal surface of a posterior tooth?
Oral anatomy14
- Oral anatomy: parotid duct · ApplicationA surgeon identifies the parotid duct after it pierces the buccinator. Where does the duct open into the mouth?
- Oral anatomy: taste pathway · ApplicationA patient loses taste over the anterior two-thirds of the tongue after a middle-ear surgery. Taste fibres from this region ultimately belong to which cranial nerve?
- Oral anatomy: temporomandibular joint · Multi-stepIn the temporomandibular joint, the articular disc divides the cavity into two compartments. What movement predominates in each?
- Oral anatomy: Frey syndrome · Multi-stepMonths after parotidectomy a patient sweats and flushes over the cheek while eating. Aberrant regeneration of which nerve explains this?
- Oral anatomy: sialolithiasis · ApplicationIn which salivary gland do calculi most commonly form?
- Oral anatomy: muscles of mastication · ApplicationWhich muscle of mastication mainly protrudes the mandible and helps open the mouth?
- Oral anatomy: parotid and facial nerve · Multi-stepIn parotid surgery, which structure serves as the surgical plane separating the superficial and deep lobes of the gland?
- Oral anatomy: Sjogren syndrome · Multi-stepA 45-year-old woman has dry mouth and dry eyes. Lip biopsy shows focal lymphocytic sialadenitis. Which antibodies support the diagnosis?
- Oral anatomy: parotid innervation · ApplicationWhich pathway supplies the secretomotor parasympathetic fibres to the parotid gland?
- Oral anatomy: submandibular innervation · ApplicationPreganglionic parasympathetic fibres to the submandibular gland travel in which nerve before synapsing in the submandibular ganglion?
- Oral anatomy: lingual nerve injury · Multi-stepAfter surgical removal of an impacted lower third molar, a patient has numbness of the anterior two-thirds of one side of the tongue and loss of taste there. Which nerv…
- Oral anatomy: lateral pterygoid weakness · Multi-stepA patient has paralysis of the right lateral pterygoid muscle. In which direction does the mandible deviate on opening the mouth?
- Oral anatomy · ApplicationWhich tooth tissue contains blood vessels and nerves?
- Oral anatomy · ApplicationWhat is the main function of cementum?
Caries and periodontal disease12
- Caries and periodontal disease: gingivitis versus periodontitis · ApplicationA dentist explains that periodontitis differs from gingivitis in one key respect. Which is it?
- Caries and periodontal disease: necrotising gingivitis · ApplicationA stressed 22-year-old smoker has painful bleeding gums, punched-out interdental papillae covered with grey slough and foul breath. What is the diagnosis?
- Caries and periodontal disease: pathogenesis of fluorosis · Multi-stepChildren in an endemic area have mottled, pitted enamel. At the cellular level, what is the main mechanism?
- Caries and periodontal disease: irreversible pulpitis · Multi-stepA patient has spontaneous, throbbing night-time toothache from a deeply carious molar. Cold causes pain that lingers for minutes after the stimulus is removed. What is…
- Caries and periodontal disease: caries requirements · ApplicationWhich combination of factors is required for dental caries to develop?
- Caries and periodontal disease: drug-induced gingival overgrowth · ApplicationWhich drug classically causes gingival overgrowth?
- Caries and periodontal disease: pregnancy epulis · Multi-stepA woman in her second trimester has a soft, red, bleeding sessile nodule on an interdental papilla that has enlarged rapidly. Which lesion is most likely?
- Caries and periodontal disease: dentin hypersensitivity · Multi-stepWhich theory best explains sharp pain from cold on exposed dentin?
- Caries and periodontal disease: calculus · ApplicationDental calculus is best described as what?
- Caries and periodontal disease: halitosis · ApplicationWhat is the most common cause of persistent bad breath?
- Caries and periodontal disease: noma · Multi-stepA malnourished child recently recovered from measles has rapidly spreading gangrenous destruction of the cheek. What is the diagnosis?
- Caries and periodontal disease: aggressive periodontitis · Multi-stepA healthy 16-year-old has rapid attachment loss around first molars and incisors with a family history. Which organism is most strongly associated?
Maxillofacial surgery12
- Maxillofacial surgery: Ludwig angina · ApplicationA febrile patient with a decayed lower molar has a woody swelling of the floor of mouth, raised tongue, drooling and stridor. What is the immediate priority?
- Maxillofacial surgery: cleft palate repair · ApplicationAt what age is surgical repair of an isolated cleft palate usually done to support normal speech development?
- Maxillofacial surgery: Le Fort II fracture · Multi-stepAfter a road accident a patient has bilateral periorbital bruising, infraorbital numbness, a step at the infraorbital rim and a mobile midface with a movable nose. What…
- Maxillofacial surgery: embryology of cleft lip · Multi-stepA unilateral cleft lip results from failure of which embryonic processes to fuse?
- Maxillofacial surgery: dry socket · ApplicationThree days after molar extraction a patient has severe throbbing pain radiating to the ear, foul taste and an empty socket with exposed bone. What is the diagnosis?
- Maxillofacial surgery: mandibular fracture signs · ApplicationAfter an assault, a man says his teeth do not meet properly and has lower lip numbness and sublingual bruising. What is the likely injury?
- Maxillofacial surgery: Van der Woude syndrome · Multi-stepAn infant has cleft lip and palate with paired pits on the lower lip. Which syndrome and gene?
- Maxillofacial surgery: Pierre Robin sequence · Multi-stepA newborn has a small receding jaw, a U-shaped cleft palate and respiratory distress as the tongue falls back. What is the initial management?
- Maxillofacial surgery: endocarditis prophylaxis · ApplicationA patient with a prosthetic heart valve needs a dental extraction. Which prophylaxis is appropriate?
- Maxillofacial surgery: zygomatic complex fracture · ApplicationAfter a punch to the cheek, a man has flattening of the cheek, subconjunctival haemorrhage, infraorbital numbness and trismus. What is the likely fracture?
- Maxillofacial surgery: danger area of the face · Multi-stepA man squeezes a furuncle on his upper lip and develops fever, proptosis and ophthalmoplegia. Which route allows spread to the cavernous sinus?
- Maxillofacial surgery: orbital blowout fracture · Multi-stepA cricket ball hits a player's eye. He has diplopia on upward gaze, enophthalmos and infraorbital numbness. What is the likely injury?
Paediatric dentistry12
- Paediatric dentistry: primary tooth eruption · ApplicationWhich is the first deciduous tooth to erupt, usually at about 6 months?
- Paediatric dentistry: early childhood caries · Multi-stepA 2-year-old who sleeps with a milk bottle has decayed upper incisors, but the lower incisors are spared. What best explains this?
- Paediatric dentistry: pulpotomy · ApplicationA child's primary molar has deep caries with inflamed coronal pulp but a vital radicular pulp. Which treatment is appropriate?
- Paediatric dentistry: natal teeth · ApplicationA newborn has a very loose lower central incisor present since birth that interferes with feeding. What is the appropriate management?
- Paediatric dentistry: ankylosed primary molar · Multi-stepAn 8-year-old has a primary molar lying below the occlusal plane of neighbouring teeth with a dull percussion note. What is the likely diagnosis?
- Paediatric dentistry: ankyloglossia · ApplicationA breastfeeding infant has a heart-shaped tongue tip on protrusion and cannot extend the tongue beyond the lower incisors, causing latch difficulty. What is the conditi…
- Paediatric dentistry: tetracycline staining · ApplicationWhich antibiotic is avoided in pregnancy and in children under 8 years because it permanently discolours developing teeth?
- Paediatric dentistry: congenital syphilis teeth · Multi-stepA child has deafness, interstitial keratitis and dental anomalies of congenital syphilis. Which dental findings are characteristic?
- Paediatric dentistry · ApplicationWhat is the purpose of a fissure sealant on a newly erupted molar?
- Paediatric dentistry · ApplicationWhy are primary teeth important even though they will eventually exfoliate?
- Paediatric dentistry · ApplicationWhat is early childhood caries most associated with?
- Paediatric dentistry · ApplicationWhy are space maintainers used after premature primary molar loss?
Dental radiology11
- Dental radiology: bitewing · ApplicationWhich dental radiograph is best for detecting interproximal caries in posterior teeth?
- Dental radiology: lamina dura · Multi-stepPeriapical films of a patient with raised calcium and recurrent renal stones show generalised loss of the lamina dura. What is the likely cause?
- Dental radiology: panoramic radiograph · ApplicationA surgeon wants one film showing both jaws, temporomandibular joints, maxillary sinuses and impacted third molars. Which radiograph is suited?
- Dental radiology: condensing osteitis · Multi-stepA lower first molar with a large carious lesion shows widened periodontal space and a uniform radiopacity at the apex that is not fused to the root. What is the diagnos…
- Dental radiology: cephalometry · Multi-stepOn a lateral cephalogram, an ANB angle greater than 4 degrees suggests which skeletal pattern?
- Dental radiology · ApplicationWhat does a bitewing radiograph help detect?
- Dental radiology · ApplicationWhat does a periapical radiograph include?
- Dental radiology · ApplicationWhich radiograph best shows interproximal caries in posterior teeth?
- Dental radiology · ApplicationWhat is the main use of a periapical radiograph?
- Dental radiology · ApplicationBefore placing an implant near the mandibular canal, which imaging method provides three-dimensional bone and nerve-location assessment?
- Dental radiology · ApplicationWhat is a periapical radiograph mainly used to assess?
Dental trauma11
- Dental trauma · ApplicationWhat is a common complication of an avulsed permanent tooth?
- Dental trauma · ApplicationWhat is the immediate action for an avulsed permanent tooth when appropriate?
- Dental trauma · ApplicationWhat is usually avoided for an avulsed primary tooth?
- Dental trauma · ApplicationWhat should be assessed after a dental trauma?
- Dental trauma · ApplicationWhat is the appropriate first action after avulsion of a permanent tooth when the patient is medically stable?
- Dental trauma · ApplicationWhat is the appropriate immediate action for an avulsed permanent incisor when replantation is feasible?
- Dental trauma: avulsion · Multi-stepA permanent incisor is avulsed during sport and is visibly dirty. What is the best immediate handling advice if reimplantation is feasible?
- Dental trauma: primary teeth · ApplicationWhy is an avulsed primary incisor generally not replanted?
- Dental trauma · ApplicationWhat is the first priority after dental trauma with uncontrolled oral bleeding?
- Dental trauma · ApplicationWhich injury describes a tooth displaced deeper into its socket?
- Dental trauma: subluxation · ApplicationA child has a tender permanent incisor with increased mobility but no displacement after trauma. What injury is most likely?
Dental caries9
- Dental caries · ApplicationWhat bacterial metabolic product contributes directly to caries?
- Dental caries · ApplicationWhat dietary habit raises caries risk?
- Dental caries · ApplicationWhat is an early clinical appearance of enamel demineralization?
- Dental caries · ApplicationWhat helps arrest early noncavitated enamel caries?
- Dental caries · ApplicationWhat does high-frequency intake of sugary drinks promote?
- Dental caries · ApplicationWhat is the initiating process in dental caries?
- Dental caries · ApplicationWhat process initiates enamel caries in the presence of frequent fermentable carbohydrate exposure?
- Dental caries · ApplicationWhat is the earliest reversible stage of enamel caries?
- Dental caries · ApplicationWhy does frequent intake of fermentable sugar increase caries risk?
Local anesthesia9
- Local anesthesia · ApplicationWhat nerve supplies upper anterior teeth?
- Local anesthesia · ApplicationWhat complication can follow intravascular local anesthetic injection?
- Local anesthesia · ApplicationWhat local anesthetic complication causes seizures?
- Local anesthesia · ApplicationWhich local anesthetic is commonly used in dentistry?
- Local anesthesia · ApplicationWhy is epinephrine added to many local anesthetic solutions?
- Local anesthesia · ApplicationWhy is epinephrine added to many dental anesthetic solutions?
- Local anesthesia · ApplicationWhy is aspiration performed before depositing local anesthetic for certain dental nerve blocks?
- Local anesthesia · ApplicationWhich complication can follow inadvertent intravascular injection of a local anesthetic containing adrenaline?
- Local anesthesia: aspiration · ApplicationWhy is aspiration performed before depositing local anesthetic near a major vessel?
Tooth development7
- Tooth development: Hertwig's root sheath · ApplicationDuring tooth development, which structure induces odontoblast differentiation in the root and moulds the number and shape of the roots?
- Tooth development: neonatal line · Multi-stepGround sections of deciduous teeth show an accentuated incremental line in enamel and dentin of teeth mineralising at birth. This neonatal line marks which event?
- Tooth development: cell rests of Malassez · Multi-stepEpithelial cell rests of Malassez persist in the periodontal ligament. Which cyst most often arises from them?
- Tooth development: odontoblasts · ApplicationWhich cells form dentin, and from which tissue do they differentiate?
- Tooth development: bell stage · ApplicationIn which stage of tooth development does the enamel organ show a stratum intermedium layer and histodifferentiation begins?
- Tooth development: enamel repair · ApplicationWhy can mature enamel not regenerate after it is lost to wear or caries?
- Tooth development: accessional teeth · Multi-stepPermanent molars develop from distal extension of the dental lamina and have no deciduous predecessors. What are such teeth called?
Caries prevention6
- Caries prevention · ApplicationWhat reduces pit-and-fissure caries in susceptible molars?
- Caries prevention · ApplicationWhat is a major benefit of topical fluoride?
- Caries prevention · ApplicationWhat is a major benefit of topical fluoride?
- Caries prevention · ApplicationHow does fluoride reduce dental caries risk?
- Caries prevention · ApplicationWhich dietary pattern most increases caries risk?
- Caries prevention: fissure sealants · ApplicationWhat is the primary purpose of a pit-and-fissure sealant on a newly erupted permanent molar?
Infection control6
- Infection control · ApplicationWhat is the purpose of sterilizing dental instruments?
- Infection control · ApplicationWhy is hand hygiene required before and after dental patient contact?
- Infection control · ApplicationWhat does standard PPE in dental care help reduce?
- Infection control · ApplicationWhat is the purpose of sterilizing reusable dental instruments?
- Infection control · ApplicationWhat is the main reason dental instruments are sterilized between patients?
- Infection control · ApplicationWhat is the purpose of using personal protective equipment in dentistry?
Oral cancer6
- Oral cancer: common sites in India · ApplicationWhich is the commonest site of oral squamous cell carcinoma in India, linked to quid placement?
- Oral cancer: verrucous carcinoma · ApplicationAn elderly man who dips snuff has a slow-growing white, warty exophytic mass in the buccal sulcus. Biopsy shows well-differentiated epithelium with broad pushing margin…
- Oral cancer: vital staining · ApplicationWhich vital stain is used as an adjunct to highlight dysplastic or malignant oral mucosa?
- Oral cancer · ApplicationWhich risk factor strongly increases oral SCC risk?
- Oral cancer · ApplicationWhat is oral SCC red flag?
- Oral cancer · Multi-stepA smoker has a persistent indurated ulcer on the lateral tongue for six weeks with cervical lymphadenopathy. What is the most appropriate next step?
Restorative dentistry6
- Restorative dentistry · ApplicationWhat is a key property of glass ionomer cement?
- Restorative dentistry · ApplicationWhat is amalgam used for in dentistry?
- Restorative dentistry · ApplicationWhy is rubber dam isolation valuable during restorative treatment?
- Restorative dentistry · ApplicationWhat is the principal purpose of acid etching enamel before resin bonding?
- Restorative dentistry · ApplicationWhy is matrix band placement used during a proximal composite restoration?
- Restorative dentistry · ApplicationWhat is polymerization shrinkage in resin composite?
Tooth anatomy6
- Tooth anatomy · ApplicationWhich tissue covers tooth root surface?
- Tooth anatomy · ApplicationWhich tooth type is specialized for tearing food?
- Tooth anatomy · ApplicationWhich tooth type is most adapted for grinding food?
- Tooth anatomy · ApplicationWhich tissue is the hardest substance in the human body?
- Tooth anatomy · ApplicationWhy can exposed dentin cause sharp sensitivity to cold or sweet foods?
- Tooth anatomy · ApplicationWhat structure within the tooth contains blood vessels and nerves?
Caries5
- Caries · ApplicationWhat dietary factor increases caries risk most?
- Caries · ApplicationWhat promotes enamel demineralization?
- Caries · ApplicationWhat is early caries management goal?
- Caries · ApplicationDental caries begins through what main process?
- Caries: Stephan curve · ApplicationWhat does the Stephan curve describe?
Pediatric dentistry5
- Pediatric dentistry · ApplicationWhat is early childhood caries associated with?
- Pediatric dentistry · ApplicationWhat is the role of a pit-and-fissure sealant?
- Pediatric dentistry · ApplicationWhat is an important behavior-management approach with children in dentistry?
- Pediatric dentistry · ApplicationWhy are primary teeth important?
- Pediatric dentistry · ApplicationWhat is the purpose of a pit-and-fissure sealant?
Medical emergencies4
- Medical emergencies: syncope · ApplicationDuring a dental injection, an anxious patient becomes pale, sweaty, nauseated, and briefly loses consciousness. What is the first positioning step for likely vasovagal…
- Medical emergencies: anaphylaxis · Multi-stepA patient develops generalized urticaria, wheeze, throat tightness, and hypotension after a drug exposure in clinic. What is the first-line medication?
- Medical emergencies · ApplicationA conscious diabetic patient becomes sweaty and confused during treatment. What should be given first if hypoglycaemia is suspected?
- Medical emergencies: hypoglycemia · ApplicationDuring a dental visit, a conscious patient with diabetes becomes sweaty, tremulous, confused, and has low capillary glucose. What is the initial management?
Preventive dentistry4
- Preventive dentistry · ApplicationWhich topical preventive agent is applied to enamel to lower caries risk in high-risk patients?
- Preventive dentistry · ApplicationHow does fluoride most directly help prevent dental caries?
- Preventive dentistry · ApplicationWhich daily behavior most directly reduces interproximal plaque accumulation?
- Preventive dentistry: fluoride · ApplicationWhat is the principal anticaries action of topical fluoride?
Temporomandibular disorders4
- Temporomandibular disorders · ApplicationWhat symptom can occur with temporomandibular joint dysfunction?
- Temporomandibular disorders · ApplicationWhat symptom may occur with temporomandibular joint dysfunction?
- Temporomandibular disorders · ApplicationWhich symptom is commonly associated with temporomandibular disorder?
- Temporomandibular disorders · ApplicationA patient has preauricular pain, joint clicking, and limited opening that worsens with chewing, with no red-flag features. Which initial management is most appropriate?
Dental radiography3
- Dental radiography · ApplicationWhy should dental radiographs be prescribed only after a clinical question has been identified?
- Dental radiography · ApplicationWhy are bitewing radiographs commonly used in routine caries assessment?
- Dental radiography · ApplicationWhat is the principal use of a periapical dental radiograph?
Local anaesthesia3
- Local anaesthesia · ApplicationWhy is aspiration performed before depositing local anaesthetic?
- Local anaesthesia · ApplicationWhich sign may indicate local anaesthetic systemic toxicity after an injection?
- Local anaesthesia · ApplicationWhy is a vasoconstrictor added to many dental local anaesthetics?
Occlusion3
- Occlusion · ApplicationWhat is normal contact of upper and lower teeth called?
- Occlusion · ApplicationA patient has tooth wear and morning jaw-muscle fatigue from repetitive nocturnal parafunctional activity; what behavior is most likely?
- Occlusion: centric relation · ApplicationWhat best describes centric relation?
Anatomy2
Odontogenic infection2
Oral hygiene2
Periodontal2
Prevention2
Radiology2
TMJ2
Tooth eruption2
- Tooth eruption: first permanent tooth · ApplicationA 6-year-old child has a new tooth behind the last deciduous molar, with no deciduous tooth having been shed there. Which tooth is this?
- Tooth eruption: permanent canine · ApplicationAt about what age does the permanent maxillary canine usually erupt?
Dental infection1
Dentition1
Fixed prosthodontics1
Oral radiology1
Periodontal disease1
Radiation safety in dentistry1
Radiology in dentistry1
Tooth notation1
Common questions
How many Dentistry questions are there?
842 original questions across 660 topics, and the bank grows over time.
Which Dentistry topics are covered?
Tooth development: Hertwig's root sheath, Tooth eruption: first permanent tooth, Tooth development: neonatal line, Tooth development: cell rests of Malassez, Oral anatomy: parotid duct, Oral anatomy: taste pathway, Oral anatomy: temporomandibular joint, Oral anatomy: Frey syndrome, Oral pathology: odontogenic keratocyst, Oral pathology: ameloblastoma, Oral pathology: dentigerous cyst, Oral pathology: ameloblastoma histology, and more.
How difficult are these Dentistry questions?
0 are recall, 641 are application and 201 are multi-step. The tags are our own editorial judgement, not an official difficulty rating.
Are these Dentistry questions from past papers?
No. They are original practice items. NBEMS does not publish its paper or an official key, and we do not use recalled or leaked questions.
Can I practise Dentistry for free?
Yes. The free plan includes 20 practice questions a day across all subjects, and the free 20-question assessment covers every subject. A paid term removes the daily limit.
Is there a timed Dentistry test?
Yes. The Dentistry subject test is included with a paid term, with a countdown and a question palette.
How should I use these Dentistry questions?
Answer before you look, read the reason for every option, and write a three-line note for each mistake. A few questions you fully review are worth more than many you skim.
Have these Dentistry questions been reviewed by faculty?
Not yet. They are original and drafted with AI assistance, then edited by our team. Independent faculty review is planned, and each item shows its status. Confirm important facts in a standard textbook.